十七世紀朝鮮交鄰政策之轉變──以對日、後金往來文書為例

Transformations in Joseon Foreign Policy in the 17th Century: The Joseon's Official Correspondence with Japan and the Later Jin

朝鮮王朝自十五世紀以來與日本維持長時期且頻繁的交鄰關係，1635年因中介日朝往來的對馬藩，竄改日朝往來文書之舉曝光後，江戶幕府整備對朝往來機制，變更對朝文書書式，朝鮮除了因應日本的調整外，也逐步強化對外交鄰的自主性。因此，有關朝鮮交鄰政策的性質及其轉變期之討論，以十七世紀的對日往來為多。然值得留意的是，十七世紀亦正值建州女真興起，後金、清朝先後成立，其中後金曾與朝鮮交鄰往來。對此，先行研究考察後金與朝鮮的往來文書，以日朝為基準，指出朝鮮與後金交鄰關係成立的時間點。但十七世紀同為朝鮮與後金、日交鄰往來的發展、轉變時期，僅以日朝關係考察朝鮮王朝交鄰政策，及朝金交鄰關係，恐未能切實掌握朝鮮王朝交鄰政策的轉變過程及其性質。本文透過比較分析十七世紀朝鮮對日、後金交鄰文書的轉變及其異同，可見朝鮮與後金交鄰文書的變化並且影響了日朝，可知朝鮮與日本、後金間的交鄰關係，並非毫無關聯的平行線發展，也非日朝單方面地影響朝金交鄰，而是相互影響，期間亦可見朝鮮交鄰關係自主化過程。

Beginning in the the 15th century, the Joseon dynasty had maintained long-term and frequent diplomatic exchanges with Japan. However, in 1635, the Edo shogunate reviewed the diplomatic channel to the Joseon and initiated modifications to the format of diplomatic documents because it was discovered that the Tsushima-Fuchu domain, the intermediary between the two states, had counterfeited official letters between the two parties. The Joseon accordingly adapted to the change and was thus able to further enhance its autonomy within the making of foreign policy. As such, the majority of previous literature concerning Joseon foreign policy and its transformation concentrates on Joseon-Japanese exchanges in the 17th century. But it is noteworthy that the Jurchens gained ascendancy in the same century and thereafter established the Later Jin and Qing dynasties, the former of which had established communications with the Joseon. Based on an examination of Joseon-Later Jin correspondence as well as materials that detail the exchanges between the Joseon and Japanese, this article suggests the potential time period for when the Joseon and Later Jin might have established diplomatic relations. Moreover, considering that Joseon-Later Jin and Joseon-Japanese relations both saw transformations in the 17th century, it would be difficult to properly explain the nature of and shifts in Joseon foreign policy and Joseon-Later Jin relations by entirely relying on the diplomatic materials between the Joseon and Japan. When comparing and analyzing the correspondence of the two sets of foreign relations, it has been found that the changes in the Joseon-Later Jin diplomatic documents had some bearing on those between the Joseon and Japan. Therefore, Joseon-Later Jin and Joseon-Japanese relations did not develop in parallel, nor should we assume that the later unidirectionally influenced the former. The truth is that they mutually influenced one another. Finally, the present article also expounds how the Joseon greatly enhanced its autonomy in the face of these transformations. With the research in this article, we can ultimately acquire more concrete knowledge about the developments of the diversified foreign relations in East Asia from the 17th to 19th centuries.