清法戰爭與北臺灣武裝集團的動員──以張李成為例

The Sino-French War and the Mobilization of Local Armed Groups in Northern Taiwan: The Case of Zhang Licheng

十九世紀晚期清法戰爭的戰場擴及臺灣基隆、滬尾（淡水）等地，為了因應戰事，清廷官員在臺灣招募「土勇」（本地武裝集團）參戰，如林朝棟、張李成等領導者，皆率協助清軍抵禦法軍來犯。本地武裝集團的參戰，需仰賴民間自行籌措經費、募集人員等，而這類動員又多涉及社會網絡的運作，實為觀察社會的重要線索。不過，過往研究囿於清代史料限制，較少討論民間武裝的動員過程，故本文以張李成為例，從日治時期的檔案紀錄，重新分析民間組織武裝集團的動員與社會網絡。據此，本文提出三點明：（一）目前有關張李成戰爭事蹟的歷史文獻，多係文人建構張李成歷史形象的作品，不僅內容各有差異，這些差異也反映民間對此次武裝動員的不同印象。（二）張李成係於木柵地區（今臺北市文山區）組織武裝集團，再移動至滬尾地區作戰。他在組織與移動過程中，應獲得木柵、滬尾兩地張姓族人的高度支持，故今日木柵與滬尾地區集應廟建立的輪祀網絡，應與此次動員過程有關。（三）安溪籍的張李成獲得艋舺地區（今臺北市萬華區）安溪籍頭人白其祥的支持，顯示祖籍網絡讓武裝集團的動員，不限於特定區域。總的來，本文認為清法戰爭期間北臺灣武裝集團的動員，有集中於臺北東南側淺山丘陵地區（如木柵、深坑）的空間特色；也有利用宗族、祖籍網絡進行動員的特色。甚至，祖籍網絡的動員過程，可能也讓十九世紀末艋舺地區形成不同祖籍各自設置總理的情形。

In the late nineteenth century, the war fought between Qing dynasty China and the French extended to Keelung and Tamsui in Taiwan. In response to the threat, the Qing officials recruited “tuyong” 土勇 (local armed groups) to engage in the conflict. Leaders such as Lin Chaodong 林朝棟 (1851-1904) and Zhang Licheng 張李成 (?-?) then led their troops to assist the Qing army in defending against the French invasion. The participation of local armed groups largely relied on the private sector to raise funds and recruit the necessary personnel. Such a mobilization mostly involved the operation of social networks, which provides an important clue to observe society during this period. However, the mobilization process of local armed forces has rarely been discussed in previous studies due to the limitations of related historical materials. The present paper thus takes Zhang Licheng as a case study as well as using the Taiwan Soutokufu Archives to reanalyze the mobilization and social networks in northern Taiwan.
This paper expounds three points: (1) The majority of the historical documents concerning Zhang are works produced by literati that construct a historical image, all of which have various—even conflicting—contents that reflect the distinctive impressions of him held by the authors. (2) Zhang first organized a local armed group in Muzha (present-day Wenshan District, Taipei) and then moved to Tamsui. Within this process, he had likely received a high degree of support from those who shared the Zhang surname in both Muzha and Tamsui. Therefore, the “rotating worship” network established by Jiying Temple in Muzha and Tamsui nowadays may be relevant to this mobilization process. (3)Zhang also obtained support from Bai Qixiang 白其祥 (1831-1910) in Monga (Wanhua District, Taipei) as they shared the same ancestral origin—Anxi, Fujian. This shows that ancestral networks allowed armed groups to receive support from areas outside of their own.
To conclude, this paper shows that the mobilization of local armed groups in northern Taiwan during the Sino-French War was concentrated in the foothill region of southeastern Taipei, namely Muzha and Shenkeng. Such armed groups also used their members’ clans, lineages, and ancestral networks to further mobilize, a process which may have led to the phenomenon that different ancestral groups had their own chiefs in Monga during the late nineteenth century.