功能視角下的預約類型論

The Categorization of Reservations under the Functional Perspective

現有關於預約的“內容－法效”類型論尚不足以為預約制度的準確適用提供充分的理論指導。比較法上預約的適用範圍已從買賣、借貸等典型合同逐漸擴張遷移。除“內容－法效”視角的類型化外，預約還存在適用範圍、效力性質、單方雙方、束己涉他等類型視角。通過對預約類型的全面梳理可知，預約的功能整體上可以分為規避法律和補强法律兩個方面。我國的預約制度主要用於特定合同類型中規避審批程序或成立要件從而使合同約束力提前，或用於明確或强化締約人的法定義務和締約責任範圍。《民法典》第495條規定的預約屬於請求權預約，不同功能的請求權預約在認定標準和法律效果上均存在明顯差異。基於合同自由原則應認可形成權預約之效力。

The existing 'content-legal effect' categorization of reservations is not enough to provide sufficient theoretical guidance for the accurate application of the reservation system. According to the comparative law, the scope of application of reservation has gradually expanded from some typical contracts such as sale and loan to a wider range. In addition to the categorization under the perspective of 'content-legal effect', reservations can also be categorized into reservations of the right of claim and reservations of the right of formation, unilateral reservations and bilateral reservations, etc. Through the comprehensive review of the categorizations of reservations, we can see that the function of reservations can also be categorized into two aspects as a whole: avoiding laws and reinforcing laws. The reservation system in China is mainly used to evade the approval procedures or to circumvent regulations about the establishment elements of specific contract types so as to advance the binding force of contracts, or to clarify or strengthen the legal obligations and the scope of entering liability of contracting parties. The reservation stipulated in the article 495 of the Civil Code belongs to the reservations with the right of claim, and reservations with different functions have different recognition standards and legal effects. Based on the principle of freedom, the reservations with formation right should be validly concluded.