責任主義視角下行政共同違法行為的處罰

Punishment of Administrative Joint Violation in the Perspective of Culpability Principle

行政共同違法理論的爭議導致了實踐中的“同案異罰”現象。共同違法理論包括認定標準和處斷規則兩部分，其構建和適用以責任主義為基礎。基於責任主義的共同違法理論之作用體現在處罰三段論推理的全過程：確定大前提中，其被用於解釋補充違法行為構成要件；涵攝中，其被用於確定大前提所及相對人；確定處罰結果中，其被用於判斷從重、加重處罰的條件。共同違法認定標準應采“行為共同標準”，各行為人在客觀違法行為上成立共同，且至少有一方知悉存在其他行為人正在一起促成違法結果的實現。共同違法處斷規則以“一事各罰”為原則，分別確定行為人責任、出具具有獨立文號處罰决定書。在立法規定相對人承擔連帶責任等少數特殊情形下，適用特殊處斷規則。

The lack of the theory of administrative common violation has led to 'different penalties for the same case' in practice. The theory of joint violation includes two parts, namely, 'recognition criteria' and 'rules of adjudication', and its construction and application are based on the culpability principle. The role of the culpability principle in the theory of common violation is reflected in the 'syllogism' reasoning of punishment: in determining the major premise, it helps to explain the elements of violations; in the inclusion, it helps to determine the relative of the premise; in determining the result of punishment, it helps to judge the conditions of aggravating and aggravating punishment. The standard of joint violation should adopt the 'standard of common conduct', that is, each actor establishes a common behavior, and at least one party knows that other actors are working together to achieve the illegal results. The principle of 'different penalties for one case' is used to determine the responsibility of the perpetrators and issue separate penalty decisions. In a few special cases, such as legislation stipulating joint liability, the special judgment rule shall apply.