美歐自由貿易協定下勞工爭端解决機制的範式分析與經驗借鑒

The Paradigm Analysis and Experience Uses for Reference of the Labor Dispute Settlement Mechanisms under the United States' and the European Union's Free Trade Agreements

將勞工條款納入自由貿易協定並為之設置爭端解决機制的做法日益普遍，美國和歐盟對此已有較為充分的實踐，特別是在勞工爭端解决機制的設計上分別形成了具有一定影響力的“剛性”和“柔性”範式。相比之下，我國對該議題尚缺乏成熟經驗。完善自由貿易協定下的勞工爭端解决機制，既是應對外在國際經貿環境變化的必要措施，也是我國建設高標準自由貿易區的內在需求。就此，本文分別對由美國和歐盟主導形成的兩大勞工爭端解决機制範式進行了比較，釐清了該問題的發展現狀，並對未來的變化趨勢作出判斷；在借鑒美歐範式經驗的基礎上，就我國可選擇的發展路徑，從規則設置的基本形式、可適用的具體爭端解决機制、爭端解决方案的執行以及勞工爭議的監督與預防四個方面提出了建議。

The practice of incorporating labor provisions into free trade agreements and setting up dispute settlement mechanisms for them has become increasingly common. The United States and the European Union have adequate practice in this regard, and in particular, have respectively formed influential 'hard' and 'soft' paradigms of labor dispute settlement mechanisms. In contrast, China lacks mature experience on this issue. Improving the labor dispute settlement mechanisms under free trade agreements is not only necessary to cope with the external changes in the international economic environment, but also an inherent demand for China building a high-standard free trade zone. In this context, this paper compares the two major labor dispute settlement mechanism paradigms led by the United States and the European Union, clarifies the current development status, and makes judgment on future development. Based on the experience of the US and European paradigms, recommendations are made on the development path that China can choose, including the basic form of rule-setting, the specific dispute settlement mechanisms that can be applied, the implementation of dispute resolution, and the supervision and prevention of labour disputes.