論南海行為準則：約束力、不對稱及與《聯合國海洋法公約》的關係

On the South China Sea Code of Conduct: Binding Force, Asymmetry and Relationship with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

南海問題是中國制定海洋戰略面臨的地緣困境。南海談判以來，自“宣言”到“準則”，雖有困難和反復，中國和東盟一直努力推進南海行為準則的達成。準則當前面臨理論和實踐的障礙，南海各方也存有爭議，如準則的約束力問題、準則同《聯合國海洋法公約》的關係問題以及如何排除第三方國家介入和干預南海的問題。準則具有法律約束力是必要的，體現了南海談判的成果，也彰顯中國尊重國際法並支持南海規範性治理機制的誠意和决心。第三方國家對南海談判有消極影響，這是中美全球競爭在南海問題的投影。準則是區域性的多邊合作機制，與《聯合國海洋法公約》這一全球性的多邊合作機制並不存在下位法與上位法的關系，準則專注於應對南海的區域性問題，南海的特殊地緣條件和地區關係，要求準則在南海權利義務的分配上，可能作出不同於公約的安排。中國應採取政治和法律並行的南海應對策略，應當重視以國際法表達南海主張和維護南海權益。

The South China Sea issue is a geopolitical dilemma facing China in formulating its maritime strategy. Since the South China Sea negotiations, from the 'Declaration' to the ' Code', despite difficulties and repetitions, China and ASEAN have been working hard to advance the conclusion of the South China Sea Code of Conduct (COC). The COC is currently facing theoretical and practical obstacles, and there are also disputes among parties in the South China Sea, such as the binding force of the COC, the relationship between the COC and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and how to exclude third-party countries from intervening in the South China Sea. It is necessary for the COC to be legally binding, reflecting the results of the South China Sea negotiations, and also demonstrating China's sincerity and determination to respect international law and support the normative governance mechanism of the South China Sea. Third-party countries have a negative influence on the South China Sea negotiations. This is a projection of the Sino-US global competition in the South China Sea issue. The COC is a regional multilateral cooperation mechanism. There is no such relationship as lower law and upper law between the COC and the ' United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea', a global multilateral cooperation mechanism, The COC focuses on coping with the special problems in the South China Sea, and the special geographical conditions and regional relations of the South China Sea require that the allocation of rights and obligations in the South China Sea may make arrangements different from those of the Convention. China should adopt a South China Sea strategy that combines politics and law, China should attach importance to expressing South China Sea claims and safeguarding South China Sea rights and interests in international law.