“限制的絕對豁免”中國國家豁免的實踐特色與立法進路

Restricted Absolute Immunity: The Practices' Characteristics and Legislative Approaches of State Immunity in China

國家豁免是國際社會公認的習慣國際法原則，具有國內法和國際法、法律和政治外交的雙重對立統一性。中國長期的司法、立法和政策選擇實踐證明，除“自願接受”和適用“對等原則”這兩種情况外，中國在國家豁免問題上堅持國家享有絕對豁免，國有企業不享有豁免，即“限制的絕對豁免”，該制度是當代中國國家豁免政策的最優選擇。當前，中國外交環境的變化和“新冠疫情訴訟”的出現，使中國的國家豁免立法具有高度的必要性和迫切性。中國的國家豁免立法在繼續堅持“限制的絕對豁免”政策的基礎上，可以基於中國的特殊國情和面臨的國際形勢，借鑒各國的立法經驗，設立一系列具有中國特色的國家豁免制度，以最大程度地維護中國的國家利益。

State immunity is a principle of customary international law recognized by the international community. It has the attribution of dual unity of opposites in both domestic and international law, law and politics. China's long-term judicial, legislative and policy-choosing practice has proved that China continuously sticks to 'Restricted Absolute Immunity', that is, except for voluntary acceptance of jurisdiction and the application of the principle of reciprocity, country should enjoy absolute state immunity, while state-owned enterprises should not enjoy state immunity. The 'Restricted Absolute Immunity' is proved to be the best choice of China's state immunity policy. At present, the ' corona virus lawsuit' against China and the changes of the diplomatic environment of China makes China's state immunity legislation highly necessary and urgent. China should continue to adhere to the ' Restricted Absolute Immunity' through legislation while, based on China's special national conditions and international situation, as well as learn from the legislative experience of other countries, establish a series of state immunity mechanisms with Chinese characteristics, so as to better safeguard the national interests of China.