從接受到“接合”國有企業國際規制的中國話語轉變

From Imposition to Interface: China's Paradigm Shift on the State-owned Enterprise Norms

以政府所有或控制的企業為主要規制對象的國企條款是新近國際經貿規則的新趨勢。國企條款的常見內容包括非商業援助條款、商業考量和非歧視義務、透明度義務、監管中立和公司治理等。其中前三項內容緣起於WTO規則，並在國企和補貼議題上有所强化和擴展。監管中立和公司治理內容發源於OECD競爭中性指導性建議，正經歷著軟法硬法化的轉變。與國有企業國際規制同步進展的還有中國在這一問題上的話語轉變：始於入世時期對“WTO+”承諾的接受，經過近二十年的轉型與變革轉變為積極參與，並嘗試通過“接合面”機制協調不同經濟體制之間的差異，為國企規制的多元化貢獻中國智慧，體現中國話語。在標誌著中國階段性轉變的中歐投資協定中，“接合面”機制的運用使規則設置更加中性、靈活和平衡。

Including provisions on the State owned or controlled enterprises (SOEs) is a new trend in in some newly-enacted free trade agreements (FTAs). The key elements of SOEs provisions include non-commercial assistance (NCA), commercial considerations and non-discrimination obligations, transparency, regulatory neutrality and corporate governance, among others. As to NCA, commercial considerations and non-discrimination obligations and transparency obligations, these provisions are largely based on the WTO rules though they are more expansive and disciplinary to the SOEs and SOE-related subsidies. Rules on regulatory neutrality and corporate governance, originating from the OECD guidelines on competitive neutrality, have been undergoing a 'hardening' process of soft law. Concurrent with its evolution is China's paradigm shift on SOE norms. Different from 'imposition' of SOE-related obligations in China's Protocol on the Accession to the WTO, China is moving into a new paradigm applying 'interface' mechanism which aims at enabling different economic systems to operate harmoniously. In the EU-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment which is illustrative of China's shifting paradigm on SOE norms, 'interface' mechanism is applied, contributing to the neutral, flexible and balanced SOEs provisions.