自動化行政許可審查的法律控制

The Legal Control of Automated Administrative Licensing Review

在自動化技術崛起和行政審批服務改革的雙重背景下，以自動化方式改革行政許可審查的做法已漸成趨勢。自動化行政許可審查即行政機關有意識地將自動化技術不同程度地嵌入行政許可審查的步驟中，使自動化系統類比人腦實施許可審查並作出許可決策。將許可審查方式變革為自動化方式，在法律上具有有限的容許性，許可機關有選擇自動化許可審查方式的裁量權，但必須恪守有關的法律約束並結合具體情形作出個案裁量，否則可能導致裁量瑕疵。在具體應用場景中，採用自動化方式的許可審查，可能在事實認定、法律適用、程式正義等方面遭遇法律挑戰。未來應厘定自動化行政許可審查的適用邊界，強化許可機關在自動化許可審查中的作用，優化自動化許可審查的程式設計，加強許可機關的能力建設。

Against the backdrop of both the rise of automated technology and the reform of administrative licensing services, there has been a growing wave of automated approaches to reforming administrative licensing review. Automated administrative licensing review means that administrative authorities consciously embed automation technology into the steps of administrative licensing review to varying degrees, so that the automated system simulates the human brain to carry out licensing review and make licensing decisions. There is limited legal latitude for changing the licensing review approach to an automated one, and the licensing authority has the discretion to choose the automated licensing review approach, but must adhere to the relevant legal constraints and make case-by-case discretion in the light of specific circumstances, otherwise it may lead to discretionary defects. In specific application scenarios, automated administrative licensing reviews may encounter legal challenges in terms of fact finding, legal application and procedural justice. In the future, the boundaries of application of automated administrative licensing review should be clarified, the role of licensing authorities in automated licensing review should be strengthened, the procedural design of automated licensing review should be optimized, and the capacity of licensing authorities should be enhanced.