國民黨黨化教育的早期實踐與嬗變：中山大學政治訓育的開展(1925-1928)

Practices and Transformations of the KMT's Party-Oriented Education: The Political Discipline Education at Sun Yat-sen University (1925-1928)

廣東省全省第六次教育大會通過的〈黨化教育決議案〉明確提出了黨化教育的概念及舉措。隨後，中山大學設立政治訓育部，開展政治訓育，直接負責實踐國民黨黨化教育，實質是意圖在教育上貫徹「一個黨」「一種主義」的宗旨。 「黨化教育」一詞曾被用作指摘共產黨干預教育，此時「黨化」的意涵則從「赤化」轉為「國民黨化」。在實踐上，中山大學的政治訓育由戴季陶、朱家驊、何思源等人領導，具體多由社會科學科(法科)教員負責，黨、政、學三者高度結合。中山大學的黨化教育形成了政治訓育部與社會科學科(法科)相互協同的特殊形式。黨化教育干涉學術自由多被指摘的同時，學人多元的學源、立場與主張卻同時存在於黨化教育的框架之下，黨化教育一元化的目的相背離，實質造成了「黨化」的「異化」。1928年以後，社會普遍斥責黨化教育，戴季陶欲為其正名，故逐漸使用三民主義教育替代政治訓育和黨化教育的用詞，但「一個黨」「一種主義」的意圖並未發生根本的變化。

Following the guidelines spelled out in the “Resolution on Party-oriented Education (danghua jiaoyu)” passed in the Sixth Education Conference of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-sen University set up a division of political discipline education in order to implement the KMT’s party-oriented education program. This division united the party (KMT), the government and the university in forging a “one-party,” “one-principle” political ideology. Led by Dai Jitao, Zhu Jiahua and He Siyuan, the division relied on the teaching staff specializing in social sciences to carry out the program. These scholars were expected to deliver political speeches daily to boost a unified, “correct” political spirit across the university. However, not all scholars held the same view with the KMT, which to a certain extent jeopardized the success of this education program. After 1928 when the KMT’s party-oriented education policy met with criticism across the society, Dai Jitao renamed the program as the education of “Three Principles of the People (San-min Doctrine),” despite its ideological purposes remained the same.