清朝宮廷道士婁近垣的交遊網絡

A Taoist Priest at the Qing Court: Lou Jinyuan and His Social Network

婁近垣是清朝最著名的宮廷道士之一，他出身江南松江府、後入江西龍虎山修道，於雍正五年(1727)以龍虎山法官的身份入京值季，由於為雍正皇帝禮斗治病而獲得信任。歷雍乾兩朝，婁近垣先後任內廷欽安殿住持、京師大光明殿和東嶽廟住持，為皇帝和宗室舉辦齋醮道場，並掌管道錄司印務事。婁近垣在京城活動近五十年，除了舉辦道教科儀，他還有自己的世俗生活。婁近垣作為一名宮廷道士，他的交遊人員中有的是親王、郡王等宗室成員，有的是一、二品的當朝官員，他們身份特殊、官位顯赫，同時，這些人員之間又有師生、姻親、同僚或同鄉等關係，他們構成了一張錯綜複雜的社交網絡。除此之外，婁近垣還與內官太監有密切往來，這也是他交際圈子裡的重要組成部分。本文主要考察了與婁近垣交往的宗室成員、江南京官和內官太監三個群體，以此了解婁近垣作為一名清朝宮廷道士的交遊網絡和世俗生活。

Born in Songjiang Prefecture in Jiangnan area, Lou Jinyuan (1688-1776) was one of the most prestigious Taoist priests at the Qing court. He was called to Beijing in 1727 as a “Taoist officer” (faguan) to take charge of the liturgical affairs at the court after completing his religious training and cultivation at Longhu Shan in Jiangxi Province. During the Yongzheng and Qianlong periods, Lou had been appointed abbot of several important Taoist temples, including Qin'an Temple, Da Guangming Temple, and Dongyue Temple. He also headed the nation-wide, state-controlled Taoist administration, “Daolusi”. During his nearly 50-year stay in Beijing, Lou Jinyuan not only performed Taoist rituals for the imperial family, but also enjoyed an active secular life. As a court Taoist priest, he socialized with imperial noblemen and senior government officials. Together, they formed an intriguing network built upon complex social relations by marriage, or between colleagues, masters/disciples, and fellow native-place associates. Some eunuchs were also found active in Lou Jinyuan’s social circle. This article explores Lou’s social network and his secular life as an official Taoist priest serving at the court. By focusing on Lou’s social interactions with three groups of people: members of the royal clan, government officials originally from the Jiangnan area, and palace eunuchs, it is hoped that a better understanding of the life of this remarkable court priest will be revealed.