《民法典》監護人責任規則的解釋論——以《民法典》第1188條為中心

On the Interpretation of Rule of Guardian’s Responsibility in Civil Code: Focus on Article 1188 of Civil Code

我國立法機關和民法學者對於現行法上的監護人責任規則的認識和評價並不完全相同。通過解釋論途徑消除此種評價上的差異，有利於促進立法與學說之間的良性互動，確保監護人責任規則在司法適用中取得應有成效。通過梳理已有研究成果，並結合最新的立法理由，將《民法典》第1188條第1款和第2款定位為“原則與例外”的關係，可為該條構建一個更為妥適的解釋論方案和教義學分析框架。依此定位，《民法典》第1188條第1款對被監護人的責任能力和監護人責任的基本規則作出了一般性規定，通常情形下應予優先適用；第2款則適用於非常例外的特定情形，即只有同時滿足被監護人擁有價值較大財產和監護人為非親屬監護人這兩項要件，方可予以例外適用。這樣，《民法典》第1188條第1款和第2款之間的規範邏輯和法律適用關係可以厘清，潛在的體系衝突和價值評價矛盾可以避免，而法律適用的安定性和妥當性亦可實現。

Legislatures and scholars have different understanding on the system of guardian responsibility. Properly eliminating this inconsistency with interpretation theory is of great benefit to promoting healthy communication between legislation and doctrine, and ensuring that the judicial application of guardian responsibility rules can achieve due effect. By combing the existing research results and combining the relevant legislative policies, the two provisions of Article 1188 are positioned as the “relationship between principles and exceptions”, we can construct a more appropriate interpretive plan and doctrinal analysis framework for this article. In detail, paragraph I of Article 1188 sets out general provisions on the ward’s capacity for responsibility and the basic rules of guardian’s responsibility, while paragraph II of Article 1188 applies to very exceptional situations, that is, only when the ward having property of greater value and guardian being non-relative guardian can be applied. In this way, the logic and relationship between the two provisions of Article 1188 can be clarified, possible system conflicts and value evaluation contradictions can be avoided, and the stability and appropriateness of legal application can also be achieved.