再論執行力主觀範圍的擴張

Re-discussing the Extension of Enforcement Power in personam

執行力附著于執行名義，是權利人請求執行及執行機關實施執行的法律效力。執行力主觀範圍包括“為誰，對誰”為強制執行，原則上以執行名義記載為准，但在例外情況下向第三人擴張。執行主觀範圍的消極擴張，表現為經申請執行人的申請，執行法院裁定變更、追加第三人為被執行人。此類第三人可分為“承繼型”和“責任型”兩種。執行力主觀範圍的消極擴張須滿足必要性、正當性和妥適性三個要件。“承繼型”第三人兼具必要性和正當性。對“責任型”第三人而言，必要性即被執行人的財產不足以清償債務，正當性依賴於實體法的規定或第三人的意定。妥適性指的是變更、追加的爭議適合通過內嵌於強制執行的略式程式進行審查判斷。

The enforcement power is attached to the title of obligation, which is the legal effect of the right holder’s request for enforcement and the enforcement organ’s implementation of the enforcement. The scope of enforcement power in personam includes enforcement “ for whom, against whom”. In principle, the parties recorded in the title of enforcement shall prevail. Exceptionally, it will extend to some kind of third party. In the Chinese context, the passive extension of enforcement power in personam is manifested in the change or addition of a third person as executee by the rulings of the court upon the application of the executor. This kind of third party can be further categorized into “inheriting” third party (“inheriting type”)and “liability” third party (“liability type”). The passive extension of enforcement power in personam must meet three requirements: necessity, legitimacy and appropriateness. The “inheriting type” third party has both necessary and legitimate. For the “liability type” third party, the necessity means that the property of the executee is not enough to pay off the debt, and the legitimacy depends on the provision of the substantive law or the will to pay of the third party. Appropriateness means that the alteration or additional dispute is suitable to be examined and judged through the abbreviated procedures embedded in compulsory enforcement.