性別暴力再犯風險評估及管理之演變與展望

Evolution and Prospect of Gender-based Violence Recidivism Risk Assessment and Management

性別暴力案件常因犯罪者與被害者多為認識關係，甚至具有親密或家屬關係，或是犯罪者的人格特質等因素影響，暴力行為具有持續發生的特性，嚴重者，甚至危害被害者生命安全。為防止犯罪者再犯行為，暴力風險評估逐漸受到關注。有關暴力風險評估的起源，可以追溯自1970年代末期，至今已有許多工具被驗證能對性別暴力行為具有可接受的預測效果。然而迄今尚無任何一個工具可以完全預測犯罪者的暴力行為，因此各國接續開發性別暴力風險管理方案。在我國於各個性別暴力防治法規實施後，為強化法律施行效益乃仿效西方先進國家，接續推動性侵害與家庭暴力風險評估及管理方案。然而目前除各項方案實施效果仍有待持續提升外，有關性別暴力再犯風險評估及管理之相關文獻更是欠缺系統化的探討，實有必要填補相關文獻之不足。因此，本文乃從暴力風險評估之沿革出發，介紹風險評估的四個世代演變及特色，接續介紹性別暴力案件風險管理步驟與相關方案，除介紹國外目前在性侵害與親密關係暴力之重要方案，亦將簡略說明我國目前的實施狀況。此外，目前性別暴力風險評估與管理有一些重要議題與侷限性，是吾人在探討性別暴力風險評估與管理議題時，需具備的基本概念，因此在本文第四個部分將針對這個部分進行說明。

Gender-based violence cases are often influenced by factors such as the perpetrator and the victim who have an acquaintance or even an intimate relationship, or the perpetrator's personality traits. This violence has the characteristics of continuous occurrence, and in severe cases, it even endangers the safety of the victim's life. In order to prevent offenders from recidivism, violence risk assessment is gaining increasing attention. The origins of violence risk assessment can be traced back to the late 1970s. To date, many tools have been validated to have acceptable predictive effects on gender-based violence. However, no single tool can fully predict the violence of perpetrators, so many countries continue to develop gender-based violence risk management programs. Since the implementation of various gender-based violence prevention laws, Taiwan has followed the example of advanced Western countries to promote sexual assault and domestic violence risk assessment and management programs. However, little literature provides a complete and systematic introduction to the evolution of gender-based violence recidivism risk assessment and management, as well as the special attention should be paid to risk assessment. In order to make up for the insufficiency of relevant literature, let relevant personnel recognize the importance of risk assessment and management in gender-based violence recidivism prevention, so as to improve the research and practice effectiveness in this field. This article will start from the evolution of violence risk assessment, introduce the evolution and characteristics of the four generations of risk assessment, and then introduce the risk management steps and related plans for gender-based violence cases. In addition to introducing important programs on sexual assault and intimate relationship violence in foreign countries, it will also briefly explain the current implementation situation in Taiwan. In addition, gender-based violence risk assessment and management are still under continuous development and improvement. There are some important issues and limitations in this field, which are the basic concepts that we need to have when discussing this issue. This article will also discuss this part.