「盗作疑惑」の下で山崎豊子の『二つの祖国』についての考察－日系アメリカ人の祖国の心象－

On the Concern of Plagiarism of Yamasaki Toyoko’s“Two Homelands”: the Mental Images that Japanese Americans Have for Their Homeland

本論文考察的對象是以真實人物伊丹明的故事為題材，山崎豐子的作品《兩個祖國》(1983)。此作品連載刊登後，便被質疑與島村喬的《雙重國籍者》(1967)有諸多雷同之處。本研究將透過有關伊丹明的傳記文學資料來分析文本中的故事架構和主人公的設定，藉以釐清「創作」、「盜作」的爭議。透過分析可以發現，島村喬的《雙重國籍者》更貼近伊丹明的真實故事，而山崎豐子的《兩個祖國》則多了她原創的元素。此外，在第二次世界大戰的戰爭氛圍下，日裔移民的雙語使用歷程訴說了移民一代、二代的祖國意識的微妙變化。日裔一代試圖透過「越境教育」的方法，讓孩子回到日本接受教育來習得日本精神。其背後除了有自己對「祖國」的思鄉之情及經濟因素的考量外，還隱藏了將孩子教育成「卓越的美國人」來成為日美友好關係的橋樑、進而在國際貿易和商業上獲得比白人更多的優勢地位的目的意識。但從沙特「對他存在」的論點來看，不論是一代或是二代移民，在企圖以成為「優秀的日本人」來證明自己可以成為「優秀的美國人」的想法中，蘊含了一「自我欺瞞」、「恐懼」等的感情上的要素。事實上，透過考察可以發現，文本中主人公對祖國的概念與定義，與當時日裔二代的心境是有所出入的。再者，經歷了「越境教育」洗禮的日裔二代再回到了國籍上的祖國美國後，卻被冠上了「歸美」的名稱；事實上這個名詞帶著歧視的意涵。因為青年期在日本受到日式教育洗禮的歸美日裔二代，被美國政府視為「危險的團體」；另一方面也不見容於完全接受美式教育的其他日裔二代移民。諷刺的是在戰爭的態勢下，嫻熟日文及英文兩種語言的歸美日裔二代，因為這樣曖昧的身分反而具有利用價值，成為了美國的陸軍秘密情報部(MIS)重要的「人類秘密武器」。而這樣的身分也延續至戰後，歸美二世在戰後擔任東京裁判中訂正口譯誤譯的監聽員的心境轉折，將援用傳記文學的資料和史料來分析探討。

This study explores the work Two Homelands (1983) that depicts a real character Itami Akira. After the publication of Yamasaki Toyoko’s Two Homelands, many doubted that the work excessively resembled the Dual Nationals by Shimamura Kyou (1967). This study investigates the bibliographical data related to Itami Akira to analyze the story structure and the protagonist of the two books to clarify the debate on creation and plagiarism. Based on the analysis, we found that Shimamura’s Dual Nationals is more close to the real story of Itami Akira. By contrast, Yamasaki’s Two Homelands involves original elements. In addition, in the atmosphere of the Second World War, bilingual use process of Japanese immigrants in the United States explained the tr ivial changes in national identity to Japan among the first - and second-generation immigrants. The first generation of Japanese immigrants attempted to use cross -border education and send their children back to Japan to receive Japanese education as a method to acquire Japanese cultural essence. In addition to the consideration of nostalgia for their homeland and economic factors, these first -generation Japanese immigrants expected to cultivate their children as an excellent American citizen to bridge Japan-America friendship, and further earn more advantages in international trades and commerce than Caucasian do. However, in Satre’s theory on being-for-others, we found that regardless of the first - or second-generation immigrants tried to prove that they could become excellent American by becoming outstanding Japanese. Such thought implied emotional factors, such as self-deception and fear. Based on the exploration, we identified that the protagonist’s concepts and definition of his homeland differed from th e psychology of the second-generation Japanese American then. Moreover, the second-generation Japanese American who experienced cross-border education returned to the United States, which was their nationality, when the situation of the Second World War became clear and after the Rewarding Movement of Japanese American Returning to the United States was initiated. These Japanese American returning to the United States were dubbed“kibei”(returning to the United States). Nonetheless, the term implied discri mination, because the second-generation Japanese immigrants who received Japanese education in Japan during their youth were considered a dangerous group by the U. S. government. In addition, those second-generation Japanese immigrants who receive complete American education did not welcome this group of kibei Japanese immigrants. Ironically, these kibei Japanese immigrants, who mastered Japanese and English, became useful Human Secret Weapon of the Military Intelligence Service because of the war. During the war, these kibei Japanese immigrants translate information from Japanese military to help the United States, their homeland, to control the war situations. These kibei immigrants’identity continued after the war. We cited bibliographical data and historical material to analyze and discuss the mental changes of the kibei Japanese immigrants when they assume monitors who correct interpretation errors during the International Military Tribunal for the Far East after the war.