赤禍和救鄉－－東江蘇區的發展與南洋華僑之行動

Rescuing Home from Red Peril: The Development of the Dongjiang River Soviet Zone and the Actions of Overseas Chinese in Nanyang

從社會史角度來看，長期的移民現象使廣東成為中國規模最大的僑鄉。20 世紀初葉，廣東成為早期國共合作的重心，具有重要的政治意義。然而，僑鄉的特殊地方社會性格和政治史的發展有何關係，為以往中共革命史研究所未及。本文首先考察 1920 至 30 年代廣東地區的經濟型態、社會結構與農村問題，闡述中共於此地發動「革命」時的社會背景，強調受黨史學者忽略的華僑社會網絡之重要性，且指出以往馬克思主義者所論的農村問題，並不能充分解釋人民與中共的互動模式。而中共於 1927 年國共第一次分裂後，決定發動一系列暴動與發展蘇維埃政府，對抗國民黨。但由於中共並非合法的群眾運動組織者，在動員群眾與維持黨務時往往必須更加仰賴地方，雙方卻也因而產生對抗。最後，南洋華僑因應中共破壞行動而開展的「賑災救鄉」，則呈現廣東原生地方結構對中共黨人的反應。本文從商會網絡的角度審視華僑賑災救鄉，同時也補充了中共革命史較少觸及的被動員者回應之面向。

From the perspective of social history, because of long-term immigration, the largest number of overseas Chinese come from Guangdong. At the beginning of the 20th century, Guangdong became the hub of cooperation between the Nationalist Party and the Communist Party. However, what was the relationship between Guangdong’s overseas Chinese in local society and politics, the connection between this and communist revolutionary history has not yet been seen. This article first examines the economic pattern, social structure and rural issues in Guangdong from the 1920s to the 1930s and indicates the social background when the Communists launched their “revolution.” Second, since the Communists were not a legitimate organizer, it had to rely more on local society networks when it came to mobilizing peasants and maintaining party affairs, which led to confrontations with local people. Finally, overseas Chinese in Nanyang in response to the Communists’ destructive actions, overseas Chinese in Nanyang　from Guangdong responding by raising money to fight against the communists.