邊疆的「內地化」－－以清代會理地區的金江書院建設為例

From Frontier to Inland: A Case Study of the Jinjiang Academy’s Construction in the Huili Area during the Qing Dynasty

會理位於四川南端，地處「華夏邊緣」。清代官僚士人不僅參與創建書院、主持書院教育、扶持書院經濟，更利用方志書寫強化政治與文化的歷史記憶，塑造當地的夷夏觀念與文化認同。咸豐年間的社會動亂，促使地方菁英將漢人集體受難的經驗轉化為凝聚族群認同的工具，這些集體記憶被刻畫在方志之中，經過當地士人的宣講，成為維護儒家正統、構建「大一統」歷史觀的重要資源。會理地區歷經改土歸流與書院建設，重塑歷史記憶與文化認同，最終趨於「內地化」。金江書院歷史之升沉起伏，恰可作為觀察清代國家建設與特質轉變的重要個案。

Huili is located to the south of Sichuan, on “the edge of Hua Xia”. The Qing dynasty bureaucratic gentry did not only participate in the establishment of academic academies, presiding over their education and economy, they also used gazetteers to strengthen the historical memory of politics and culture. This shaped the local “Yi-Xia” concept and cultural identity. Social turmoils in the Xianfeng Period prompted local elites to transform the experience of the collective suffering of the Han people into a tool for a cohesive ethnic identity. These collective memories were written in the local gazetteers and became an important resource for maintaining the Confucian orthodoxy and constructing the “Great Unification” view of history through preaching by the local gentry. After the administration of Huili was returned to officials sent by the Qing, academies had been constructed, and gazetteers restored the historical memory and cultural identity, Huili was finally considered as “inland”. The ups and downs of the JinJiang Academy’s history can be used as an important case to observe the transformation and characteristics of the Qing’s state building.