無畏黨爭－－論晁說之墓誌碑銘的「元祐意識」

Not Scared of Factional Strife: Yuanyou’s Consciousness in Chao Yue-Zhi’s Epitaphs

論者以為北宋晚期「元祐黨禍」熾烈，世人為明哲保身多避談「元祐」。過去歷史學者多探討北宋晚期「朝堂生態」，文學研究者多闡發文學「諂諛化」和「內省化」二大議題；然晁說之於崇寧元年（1102）入元符上書籍，其所撰之墓誌碑銘卻彰顯出濃厚的元祐意識，彷彿無畏黨爭。蓋晁說之一方面以熱筆發抒情感，連繫元祐士人交游網絡；二方面藉曲筆諷諭王氏新法，間接發揚元祐意識；三方面用史筆評述元祐士人，議論人物遭際。本文通過分析晁說之書寫的墓誌碑銘，揭示省思元祐黨爭的不同視角。首先，晁文屢屢表現出以「在野」對抗「執政」之用心。此手法顯示，在北宋晚期晦暗的政治局勢裏，其實仍有部分士人以其獨特的方式評判時政；而他們秉持之態度與採取之立場，值得深究。其次，往昔學者分析宋代黨爭如何影響墓誌碑銘創作，多關注「記敘」層面，但晁說之數篇墓誌碑銘猶透過「議論」傳寫黨爭與墓主之關係，此亦有助開拓新的研究維度。

Research has tended to think that the “Yuanyou factional disaster” in the late Northern Song Dynasty was fierce, and therefore people avoided talking about “Yuanyou” because they were afraid of getting into trouble. However, Chao Yue-Zhi joined the Yuanyou political faction in the first year of reign of Chongning (1102) and expressed vivid consciousness of Yuanyou, as if he wasn’t scared of factional strife. First, Chao Yue-Zhi used his words to express his emotions and connected with the Yuanyou scholar’s social network. Second, he used implicit writing to allude to Wang’s new policies and indirectly express Yuanyou’s consciousness. Third, he used historical writing to comment on Yuanyou scholars and discussed their life. In the past, historians have mostly discussed the “imperial court ecology” during the late Northern Song Dynasty, and literary researchers have discussed the two major issues of “flattering” and “introspection” in literature. However, Chao Yue-Zhi’s epitaphs have repeatedly expressed his intention to disagree with the government. Chao Yue-Zhi’s epitaphs can provide another　research perspective, for example, in the dark political situation of the late Northern Song Dynasty, a few scholars still commented on politics in their unique ways, their attitudes and actions should be worth researching. Furthermore, researchers have used this to analyze how the factional strife affected the writing of Song Dynasty epitaphs, and have paid more attention to the “narrative” aspect. Especially, Chao Yue-Zhi’s epitaphs not only narrate factional strife, but also cited history to discuss scholar’s life. Therefore, it helps us develop a new research perspective.