試論冷戰局勢下馬來亞共產黨發展的內外困境（1948-1989）

Study on the Internal and External Dilemmas of the Development of the Malayan Communist Party During the Cold War Situation (1948-1989)

馬來亞共產黨（馬共）於1930年成立，從事反英反殖民的活動，被英殖民者列為非法組織。二戰時，馬共協助英軍抗日有功，戰後獲得合法活動之地位。1948年，馬共因涉及武裝鬥爭再度被列為非法組織，與此同時英殖民政府亦宣佈馬來亞進入「緊急狀態」。在軍方的圍剿下，馬共最終在泰國南部的馬泰邊境建立根據地，持續和英殖民地軍隊，以及後來的馬來西亞軍隊開展遊擊戰爭。二戰以後，全球開始進入冷戰的對弈局勢。作為國際共運一份子的馬共，其浮沉的命運也和冷戰局勢變遷有著密不可分的關係，包括馬共做出的幾項重大的決策皆明顯受到當時冷戰的影響。本文將試從冷戰局勢的框架去審視這個東南亞各國的共產黨的發展脈絡，探討它與冷戰之間之關係。本文也認為，二戰以後，馬共除了與中共的聯繫益加密切外，它在冷戰的博弈中並無過於直接和深刻的介入，但冷戰的局勢發展卻對馬共的發展起著非常深遠的影響。

The Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) was founded in 1930. Since its establishment, CPM engaged in anti-British and anti-colonial activities and was classified as an illegal organisation by the British colonists. During the Second World War, CPM assisted the Allies powers to resist Japanese invasion of Malaya and gained its official status as legal political party after the war. In 1948, once again the CPM was announced as an illegal organisation for their armed uprisings. At the same time, the British colonial government has declared Malaya into “State of Emergency.” Under the military’s encirclement, the CPM gradually set up their base at the border of Malaya-Thailand in Southern Thailand and continuing their guerrilla warfare with the British army and later the Malaysian army. After Second World War, the world began to enter the period of the Cold War. As one of the international communist movement, CPM’s fate of ups and downs is inextricably linked to the changes of the Cold War situation. Several major decisions made by CPM were obviously affected by the Cold War situation at that period. Through the framework of the Cold War situation, this paper tries to examine the the development of the CPM and its relationship with the Cold War. Besides the close ties with the Communist party of China (CPC) after the Second World War, this paper argues that the CPM did not have indepth involvement in the Cold War game, but the changes of the Cold War situation has played an important role and has a profound impact on the development of the CPM.