參研「中和」、考異與重構──韓儒以性理圖推闡朱子舉隅

The Use of Diagrams to Discuss Principles within Korean Neo-Confucianism: Textual Criticism of Diagrams on Zhu Xi’s Theory of“Zhonghe”

對《中庸》「中和」問題的研究，是朱子思想確立的重要里程碑，其中有複雜的觀念與細節，實不易掌握。面對這項難題，朝鮮學者嘗試用圖象的方式呈現他們的想法。例如李象靖採「據文製圖」的方式，依據已有的朱子文獻繪製出一幅〈心動靜圖〉。雖此圖是根據朱子的相關法所繪，但圖式中其實包含了他個人的研究心得，即解決朱子取《易》之卦意比況「已發、未發」，卻發生前後說法不一的問題。
這個圖型，爾後受到學者們的高度重視，所以，郭俛宇特別向他的老師提出請教。於是其師李寒洲乃根據自己的看法，修訂了這幅圖式，主要是認為當以〈乾〉卦表示「已發」，而非〈艮〉卦，且於圖型中融入自己獨特的「心統性情」一觀點。但郭俛宇仍舊不滿意這個修正，他認為這樣猶未能充分表達由未發到已發的動態歷程以及「主靜」修養的重要性，是以，最終他也重新構築出另一幅自己的「中和」圖式。
從這個研究，可以具體地看到朝鮮儒者「依圖立」的論理特點，意即透過概念語詞的擇取、圖象中位置的安置與調整，乃至圖型的重新繪製，以達到展示具象化的理論觀點之理效果；同時也可以看到他們對於朱子學說的釐清、補充與闡發。

Zhu Xi’s朱熹(1130-1200) theory of“zhonghe”中和(middle or equilibrium and harmony) within the Doctrine of the Mean stands as an important milestone in his philosophy and contains numerous complex ideas and details which have proven demonstrably difficult to apprehend. Facing these challenges, Korean scholars attempted to use diagrams as a method to present their thinking, exemplified by Yi Sangjŏng (Li Xiangjing李象靖, 1710-1781), who produced the diagram“Xin dongjing tu”心動靜圖(“Diagram of the State of the Mind”). Despite being drawn based on the philosophy of Zhu Xi, the diagram also contains several of his own ideas, namely his efforts in resolving the matter of Zhu Xi’s inconsistent early and later theories on the trigrams from the Book of Changes regarding“yi fa”已發(already expressed) and“wei fa”未發(not yet expressed).
This diagram had importance attached to it by later scholars, prompting Kwak Chongsŏk (Guo Zhongxi郭鍾錫, 1846-1919) to ask for guidance on the subject. His teacher, Yi Chinsang (Li Zhenxiang李震相, 1818-1886), thus amended the diagram, mainly owing to his opinion that the trigram Qian represents“yi fa,”not the trigram Gen; moreover, he further integrated his own theories of mind, nature, and emotion into“Xin dongjing tu.”Kwak, however, was still not satisfied, as he believed that the diagram does not express the state of moving from“wei fa”to“yi fa,”and later drew his own diagram on“zhonghe.”From this research, we can tangibly note the characteristics of how Korean neo-Confucians utilized diagrams to express the interrelatedness of these concepts, namely the selection of conceptional words and phrases, the adjusting and (re)positioning of said concepts as well as the revisions and redrawing of the diagrams themselves; furthermore, we can see the clarifications, supplementations, and developments of Zhu Xi’s philosophy realized by these scholars.