重構「五四」：傳播、宣傳與國際行動者的作用

"Reconstructing “May Fourth”: The Role of Communication, Propaganda, and International Actors"

"2019 年6 月25 日，眾多國際學術研究人員、藝術家與政治家一同慶祝了海德堡亞洲與跨文化研究中心（CATS）的落成典禮。6 月26日，研討會「中國與世界、世界與中國，亞洲與跨文化研究中心第二次公開論壇」在該中心主廳舉行。作為CATS 落成典禮慶祝活動的一部分，該會獻給資深教授魯道夫‧ G ‧瓦格納，感謝其一生對漢學及跨文化研究領域所做奉獻及傑出貢獻。瓦格納教授曾擔任東亞研究中心及菁英集群「全球語境下的亞洲與歐洲」主任。研討會全天包含多個論題，但本文將僅體現瓦格納教授關於中國「五四」運動的生動活潑、由淺入深的演講。 該演講題為：「重構『五四』：傳播、宣傳與國際行動者的作用」，改編自瓦格納教授在2019 年4 月12-13 日於美國哈佛大學 “May Fourth @ 100: China and the World”（五四@100：中國與世界）國際研討會上的主題演講。第一節分析了「五四」的性質，揭示了該運動其實是由中國及外國主導者共同精心策劃的事件；第二節挑戰了當前對該運動重要性的通行定義─認為其是「中國的文藝復興」；第三部分對前兩部分展開討論，提供相關證據表明中國共產黨（CCP）與國民黨（KMT）都通過操控「五四」遺產滿足了其自身的宣傳目的；第四部分總結了本文的主要論點，並介紹了參與此事件的國際行動者。同時，通過利用歷史檔案解釋了從「二十一條」的簽訂到1921 至1922年華盛頓海軍會議上歸還山東半島主權，這些國際行動者是如何幫助塑造中國歷史的。 本文證明「五四」運動，「對於自身作為國際政治思想潮流的一部分具有相當的自覺」，而得以「平衡／彌補在與日本及西方相較下，於可使用的溝通、信息與宣傳手段上的懸殊差距」。"

"On June 25th, 2019, the Centre for Asian and Transcultural Studies (CATS) celebrated the inauguration of its centre facilities with an international audience of academic researchers, artists and politicians. On 26th June, the workshop“China and the World, the World and China, Second CATS Open Forum”took place in the main hall of the centre. The workshop, which was part of the inauguration celebration, was dedicated to Senior Professor Rudolf G. Wagner, former Director of the Centre for East Asian Studies and the Cluster of Excellence“Asia and Europe in a Global Context,”for his life time commitment and extraordinary contribution to the fields of Sinology and Transcultural Studies. While the workshop included several sessions throughout the day, this contribution will focus solely on Professor Wagner’s lively and unravelling talk about the May Fourth Movement in China. The talk was presented under the title:“Reconstructing‘May Fourth’: The Role of Communication, Propaganda, and International Actors' and is a rework of Professor Wagner’s speech delivered at the“May Fourth Conference”at Harvard University, USA, in April, 2019. The first section examines the May Fourth Movement as a carefully planned event by its Chinese and foreign protagonists; the second section challenges the popular definition on the movement’s significance as the“Chinese Renaissance;”section three expands on these arguments by presenting evidence for Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Kuomintang (KMT) manipulation of the May Fourth legacy in order to satisfy their own propagandistic needs; the fourth section summarizes the main arguments of the essay and introduces the international actors who participated in the event. This essay explains, with the use of archival evidence, how this group of actors helped shape the history of China from the signing of the‘Twenty-One Demands’, to the recovery of Shandong at the Washington Naval Conference in 1921-1922. The text identifies that the movement“consciously acted as part of an international political ideological current”and“compensated for a strong asymmetry in the available means of communication, information, and propaganda compared to Japan and the Western powers.”"