暗洋暗澳傳說：《臺灣府志》中的荷蘭北極探險故事

The Story of Anian: the Dutch Arctic Voyage Told in the Gazette of Taiwan Prefecture

首任諸羅知縣季麒光寫下的〈臺灣雜記〉記下數筆臺灣的奇聞異談，其中在〈臺灣雜記〉中的傳說中，一年一晝夜，位於臺灣之東北的「暗洋」（亦作「暗澳」），以其特異的天文現象和「紅彝」的特殊經驗，在清代臺灣方志中屢見引用，成為清代臺灣異域書寫的代表作品。但季麒光之後的清代文人對此傳說屢有質疑，認為該地不在臺灣，最後在十九世紀初從《續修臺灣縣志》中移除。本研究發現，「暗洋暗澳傳說」其實是基於十六世紀末荷蘭人北極探險史的口傳版本，而且內容可以和1596年到1597年間由荷蘭航海家威廉•巴倫支（Willem Barents）帶領的第三次北極探險遇難過程相對應。「暗洋」或「暗澳」這兩個地名則來自傳說中分隔亞洲和美洲的「Anian/Anião海峽」，「暗洋」與西班牙文對音，「暗澳」則與葡萄牙文對音。前往北極尋找東北航路的探險家相信經「Anian/Anião海峽」可以到達亞洲。英格蘭航海家三浦按針（William Adams）的在日本所展現的相關知識，以及耶穌會士所記下英格蘭領航員曾經去北極探險東北航路的情報，可以側寫當時歐洲人深信的東北航路及「Anian/Anião海峽」等地理知識流傳到亞洲的情境。巴倫支的第三次北極探險悲劇與暗洋暗澳的地名，可能就在歐洲人從亞洲這側尋找「Anian/Anião海峽」的入口時，變成流傳於東亞海域的口傳故事，然後成為臺灣方志中描述荷蘭北極探險的「暗洋暗澳傳說」。

"The story of Ànyáng (or Àn'ào, lit. 'the dark ocean' or 'the dark harbor') is one of the most mysterious legends of Taiwan. First attested in the late seventeenth century, the story says the Dutch sailed to a beautiful place where day and night happened once per year, was situatesd to the northeast of Taiwan. Mandarins and literati in Taiwan were fascinated by this mysterious story,composeing many poems for it. Some critical readers of this story proved that Ànyáng must situated in the Arctic, according to the described astronomic phenomenon, not in the subtropical Taiwan. These criticisms finally made the story of Ànyáng removed from the local gazette (dìfāngzhì) in the early nineteenth century. However, this paper argues the story of Ànyáng was based on Willem Barents' tragic third voyage to the Arctic for the Northeast Passage to Asia undertaken in 1596. My comparison shows the plots of the two stories closely correspond to each other. Nevertheless, the strait of Anian, through which the late sixteenth century European navigators believed they could reach Asia, phonetically corresponds to Ànyáng, and the Portuguese cognate Anião to Àn'ào. Beside these corresponding elements, an early seventeenth century Jesuit source from Japan suggests the Dutch voyages to the Arctic had been told in Asia. The letter of English pilot William Adams from Japan also suggests the European nations were searching the Asian entrance of the Strait of Anian, where was believed locating to the north of Japan, and therefore to the northeast of Taiwan."