手勢融入故事敘說，對幼兒在代名詞推論之影響

The Influence of Co-speech gesture on Pronoun Resolution in Preschool Children

本研究目的在比較單純敘說與手勢融入故事敘說情境，幼兒代名詞推論表現的差異情形。研究對象為4歲與5歲組幼兒，共59位。以重覆測量三因子混合設計(2×2×2)探討不同敘說情境以及代名詞指涉不同語法位置對4歲與5歲幼兒代名詞推論正確率的影響。實驗材料以四個句子組成的短故事，包含主題句、名詞句、代名詞句以及結束句，其中代名詞指涉主題句的主詞或受詞。每篇短故事結束後皆有問題句。短故事以影音檔呈現，幼兒在同時聆聽與觀看影片後進行作答。結果顯示，5歲組幼兒在代名詞推論的正確率優於4歲組；幼兒在手勢融入故事敘說時的代名詞推論正確率優於單純敘說情境，顯示手勢融入故事敘說對幼兒代名詞推論具促進效果。此外，幼兒在代名詞指涉主詞或受詞的正確率沒有差異，可知代名詞指涉對象的語法位置對幼兒代名詞推論尚未有明顯的影響效果。最後，根據研究結果提出未來研究的建議。

"The purpose of this study was to compare the differences between the effects of speech only and co-speech gesture on four - to five-year-old children’s accuracy of pronoun resolution. There are 30 and 28 in the 4-year-old and in the 5-year-old group, with a total of 59. By adopting a 2 (age: 4-year-olds vs. 5-year-olds) × 2 (condition: narrative only vs. co-speech gesture) × 2 (pronoun refer to: subject vs. object) through a 3-way ANOVA mixed design. Twelve short narratives were constructed with each contained four sentences, including topic sentence, noun sentence, pronoun sentence and ending sentence, in which the pronoun refers to the subject or the object of topic sentence. An interrogative question appeared at the end of each short narrative. The short narratives ware presented as an audio-visual. The results indicated that the accuracy of pronoun resolution in the 5-year-old group is better than that in the 4-year-old group; The accuracy of children's pronoun resolution on co-speech gesture condition is better than that of speech only, which shows that the co-speech gesture in narration promotes children's accuracy of pronoun resolution. In addition, there is no difference in the accuracy of the reference pronoun referring to the subject or the subject. It can be seen that the grammatical position of the antecedent has no effect on the pronoun resolution of young children. Finally, according to the research results, relevant suggestions for future research are put forward."