法秩序統一原理下未成年人保護制度的刑民銜接適用

The Joint Application of the System of Protection of Minors between Criminal Law and Civil Law under the Principle of Unification of Legal Order

對《民法典》《刑法修正案（十一）》中有關未成年人規定的理解，應在法秩序統一原理下結合新《未成年人保護法》的精神進行民刑銜接適用研究。在監護制度的典型場域，父母濫用監護權是否構成犯罪應在區分親權與監護權的基礎上，結合民事責任追究的效果和刑法相關罪名的規定進行實質判斷。在收養制度的典型場域，區分民事送養行為與拐賣兒童犯罪時應明確拐賣兒童罪的成立需要同時具備“以出賣為目的”和“非法獲利目的”的條件。在性侵未成年人特殊訴訟時效的典型場域，對民法中“性侵害”的理解應參照刑法之規定，前者在範圍上廣於後者；相較於刑法中訴訟時效的規定，《民法典》第191條在有效性上更多地體現出象徵性立法的色彩。未成年人保護制度的刑民銜接適用應遵循刑民共治規律。在刑民責任界分中，應充分重視主觀要件的作用，並在現行刑法的罪名體系框架內基於刑民一體化視野和最有利於未成年人原則，對行為是否構成犯罪予以實質考量，避免刑法在民事領域的過度介入。通過堅持民法優先原則，恪守刑法謙抑主義，最大限度地實現人性民法與物性刑法的融合發展。

"The new provisions about juveniles of Civil Code and the 11th Amendment of Criminal Law express the necessity of research of joint application of civil law and criminal law in connecting the new key conceptions of the Juveniles Protection Law in the approach of unification of legal order. In the typical field of the guardianship system, whether parental abuse of guardianship constitutes a crime should be based on the distinction between parental rights and guardianship, combined with the effect of civil liability investigation and the related charges in criminal law to make a substantive judgment. In the typical field related to adoption, when distinguishing between civil adoption and child trafficking, the two purposes of selling and illegal profit should be clarified. In the typical field of special statute of limitations for sexual assault of minors, the interpretation of ''sexual assault'' in civil law should refer to the provisions of the criminal law, the former is broader than the latter in scope. Compared with the limitation of action in the criminal law, the effectiveness of Article 191 of the Civil Code is more symbolic. The application of the juvenile protection system should follow the rule of joint governance by both criminal law and civil law. On the distinction of criminal responsibility and civil responsibility, we should pay full attention to the role of subjective elements, and consider whether the act constitutes a crime substantively based on the integration of criminal law and the principle of being most beneficial to minors within the framework of the current criminal system, so as to avoid the excessive involvement of criminal law in the civil field. By adhering to the principle of priority of civil law and abiding by the modesty of criminal law, the integration of civil law and criminal law can be realized to the greatest extent."