17-18世紀朝鮮建立銅錢制度之研究

A Study on the Establishment of Copper Coin System in the Chosŏn Korea (17-18th Century)

本文主要探討17-18世紀「常平通寶」成為朝鮮國幣的歷程。1392年朝鮮建國以降，朝鮮執政階層始終追求加強統治體系。但在經濟方面，政府雖發行楮貨、朝鮮通寶、箭幣等官方貨幣，企圖使「貨權」歸屬於政府，但皆未能取信於民，百姓多以米或棉布等商品進行交易。而1592年壬辰戰爭爆發，提高朝鮮社會對金屬貨幣的認識，使得朝廷積極探討鑄幣，進而導致1678年常平通寶出現。但它發生難以取銅、錢荒、貨幣通行範圍失衡等問題，故政府禁止百姓用銅、控制對日銅貿易，以確保銅源；不斷實施鑄錢，以增加流通量並調整其價值；使用銅錢與民間交易，並用銅錢結算國家財政收支，以將其通行範圍擴展到全國，在如此情況下，常平通寶逐漸取信於民，成為朝鮮的「國幣」。

"This study analyzed the process in which sangpyeong tongbo (常平通寶)grew up as the national currency of Chosŏn(朝鮮) in the 17th and 18th centuries. Since the foundation of Chosŏn in 1392, the government controlled the right to mint coins and further sought the formation of the economic system centered around the currency produced by the government, producing and circulating currencies such as Jeohwa(楮貨), Chosŏn tongbo(朝鮮通寶), and Cheoljeon(箭幣). However, despite the government policy, the people led their economic lives, using commodity currencies, like rice or cloth, which they could produce and circulate themselves. However, the outbreak of the Imjin War(壬辰戰爭) at the end of the 16th century became the momentum to make Chosŏn society reconsider its recognition of metallic currencies and for the Royal Court to actively discuss minting again, and as a result, the copper coin, sangpyeong tongbo appeared in the late 17th century. After its circulation, sangpyeong tongbo caused problems like supply of copper, currency famine, and the range of circulation, but the Chosŏn government would maintain its minting and circulation by implementing various policies, and consequently, sangpyeong tongbo gradually grew up as the main means of trade in the Chosŏn society and further became established as the national currency of Chosŏn."