近代國際涉藏事件再審──1904年拉薩事件英國對藏政策的變化及影響

The Changes and Influence of British Policy in 1904 Lhasa Event

19世紀末，英俄在中亞一帶競爭甚為激烈，西藏由於地處英俄的勢力範圍之間，無可避免的被捲入雙方的競爭之中。英國為了保障印度安全及擴張經濟利益，自1888年隆吐山之役後，政策上轉趨積極。俄國亦密切注意藏情的發展，也對藏採取積極政策，除了西藏考察隊的派遣之外，更透過宗教人士不斷說服十三世達賴喇嘛採取親俄政策。英俄雙方均欲將西藏納入自己的控制，但中藏傳統的宗藩關係已維持了數百年，英俄亦知維持西藏現狀，彼此才能相安無事。但當英方發現達賴喇嘛越來越傾向俄國時，其對藏政策便有了極大的轉變，尤以印督寇松及榮赫鵬等人，擔心西藏落入俄人手中，故採取激進政策，不惜以武力建立對藏的優勢地位。然而區域均勢一旦瓦解，對抗便起，問題將更加複雜。本文以歷史研究法及比較分析法，就此一案件的前因後果加以分析論述，希望對問題的真相有更深一層的認識。

At the end of 19th century, the competitions between Britain and Russia in Central Asia became fierce and hard. Tibet, located in the sphere of influence between Britain and Russia, was inevitably involved in the fierce competitions. Britain has became positive in its policies since the war of Natong in 1888, for the safety of India and the expansion of its economical benefits. Russia paid close attention to the development of Tibet. Also, it took positive policy toward Tibet. In addition to sending a research team to Tibet, the authority concerned of Russia continuously persuaded Dalai Lama 13th to be the ally of Russia through the religious. Both Britain and Russia wanted to get Tibet under their control. However, the relation of clan between China and Tibet had lasted for hundred years, the most important thing for both countries is to maintain in the current relation and live peacefully. On the other hand, when Britain found Dalai Lama increasingly in favor of Russia, the policy of dealing Tibet should be vastly modified. Lord Robert Curzon and Francis Younghusband, worried about the future of Tibet, would take progressive policies to fight for the great position of Tibet. Once the region-balanced power integrated, people in Tibet would make endless protests against government. As a result, the authority concerned had to encounter more and more complicated questions. By historical research and comparing analysis, I hope to give the event a thorough discussion and deep understanding about reality.