德川朱子學者對陽明學的批判及其侷限

Critique of Zhu Xi Scholars of Tokugawa Period on Yangming School and the Limitation

本文關注朱子學及陽明學在德川日本發展的特殊現象，首先從外部的制度面分析朱子學發展的侷限，接著從學說思想層面，扣緊在德川時代批判陽明學最有力道的闇齋朱子學派，分析其批評亦多未能擊中陽明學要害。闇齋學派可以說是在日本眾學派中最排斥陽明學，除山崎闇齋本人有《大家商量集》批判陽明學之外，其門人豐田信貞更編纂《王學辯集》，彙集韓國朱子學者李退溪以及闇齋學者們等非議陽明學觀點的著作，更旁及日本朱子學者林鵝峰批判陽明學之作。本文企圖以闇齋學派的陽明學批判論為主，觀察他們對陽明學的批判理論之不足，加上德川特殊的政治文化體制，使得陽明學可以在日本的文化土壤中緩慢成長並在幕末成為顯學。

This study focuses on special phenomenon of development of Zhu Xi School (朱子學) and Yangming School (陽明學) in Tokugawa period of Japan. First, from external system, it analyzes the development limitation of Zhu Xi School. Secondly, from the perspective of theories and thoughts, it explores Ansai Zhu Xi School (闇齋朱子學派) which significantly criticized Yangming School during Tokugawa time and argued that the critiques mostly did not pinpoint the weakness of Yangming School. Among various schools in Japan, Ansai School resisted Yangming School the most. Yamazaki Ansai (山崎闇齋) criticized Yangming School by Collection of Discussion of Different Schools (《大家商量集》) . Besides, his disciple Nobusada Toyoda edited Collection of Discussion on Yangming School (《王學辯集》) and collected the publication of Korean Zhu Xi scholar Yi Toegye (李退溪) and Ansai scholars who criticized Yangming School and even the work of Japanese Zhu Xi scholar Hayashi Gahō (林鵝峰) who criticized Yangming School. This study attempts to mainly explore criticism of Ansai School on Yangming School and observe their gap in the theories. Besides, in special political and cultural system of Tokugawa time, Yangming School successively grew in the Japanese culture and became popular doctrine in the late Tokugawa period.