尋求國家統治的藝術：1930年代西南「夷族」代表的請願活動

The Art of Seeking State Governance: The Petition Activities of Representatives of the ''Yi ethnic group'' in Southwest China in the 1930s Era

1930年代西南「夷族」代表請願活動的既有研究，揭示西南非漢族群菁英關於族類意識覺醒和族群身分構建之濫觴。本文在此基礎上，將請願活動視作近代中國「國家效應」的產物，聚焦於請願者與國家間的互動過程，闡釋請願者在這一過程中展示了「尋求國家統治的藝術」，藉此塑造自身與國家之間的關係。請願活動既源於中國王朝長期統治西南邊疆地區的歷史傳統，也是非漢族群對於近代中國國家轉型的政治回應。請願者充分表達對於中央政權的擁護和「中華民族」的認同，極力凸顯「夷族」之於統一、國防、開發，以及國族構建的意義，將自身塑造為地方非漢族群的代言人，尋求成為國家進入西南邊疆的代理人。國民政府基於政治利益的考量，對請願進行策略性利用；內地文化界、學術界、婦女界和新聞傳媒，則從各自的認知出發關注請願活動。請願作為一種「社會運動」，為國家政治結構和社會情境所共同塑造。第二次中日戰爭全面爆發後，因為與國民政府的政治利益發生衝突，請願活動走向低谷。請願活動雖未能使「夷族」在中華民國的國家體制內成為制度性的「民族」，但請願者與國家互動的過程中展現的「尋求國家統治的藝術」，影響了近代中國民族政治的面貌和走向。

Previous research on the petition activities of representatives of the ''Yi ethnic group'' in southwest China in the 1930s has revealed the awakening of ethnic identity among non-Han ethnic elites. On this basis, this article regards petition activities as the product of the ''state effect'' in modern China, focuses on the interactive process between petitioners and the state, and explains how petitioners displayed ''the art of seeking state governance'' in this process, thus shaping their relationship to the state. Their petition activities not only originated from the historical tradition of the southwest frontier region ruled by the central dynasties of China for a long time, but also were the political response of non-Han ethnic groups to the national transformation of modern China. The petitioners expressed their support for the central government and their recognition of the ''Chinese nation''; made great efforts to highlight the significance of the ''Yi ethnic group'' in terms of unity, national defense, development, and nation-building; shaped themselves as spokesmen for local non-Han ethnic groups; and sought to become the agents of the state's efforts to enter the southwest frontier. Based on the consideration of political interests, the national government made strategic use of the petitioners. Mainland cultural, academic, and women's circles, as well as news media all paid attention to such petition activities. As a ''social movement,'' petitioning was shaped by the political structure and social conditions. After the full-scale outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War, petition activities declined due to conflict with the government's political interests. Although petition activities failed to turn the ''Yi ethnic group'' into an institutional ''ethnic group'' in the state system of the Republic of China, the ''art of seeking state governance'' displayed by the petitioners influenced the status and trends of ethnopolitics in modern China.