手指動作對改變棒球投擲球路的效益：系統性回顧

The effect of finger movements on changing the ball trajectory of baseball: A systematic review

棒球投手若能事先瞭解手指細微動作控制與球體球速、轉速間關係，則能提升球速與轉速，亦可更快掌握各球路投球技巧。本研究目的為釐清手指各指節動作控制對棒球投擲球速與轉速的效益，並透過關鍵字及研究人員逐篇檢視過濾近7年千餘篇論文，將球體離手瞬間手指運動學與動力學資料進行整理，文獻結果顯示投擲時腕關節動作僅能增進球速與控制方向，並無法增進轉速。投擲直球時，在後擺期階段肩關節最大外旋時，掌指關節保持恆定屈曲，加速期接近離手瞬間，此時腕關節屈曲至伸展角度高於滑球與曲球，產生較快的球速，且手指遠端與中遠端指間關節最大角度顯著低於近端指間關節。此外，投滑球時之食指遠端指骨外展至內收角度顯著大於投擲直球，投擲曲球時之中指外展角度顯著大於投擲直球與滑球，顯示食指與中指遠端指骨的外展與內收角度對球路的變化影響很大。手指在投擲跨步期時僅輕鬆持球，在肩關節最大外旋前與加速期離手瞬間，食指與中指遠端指骨才施予球體適當壓力將球投出，且比例高於拇指和無名指。未來可針對不同層級選手各指節壓力、作用時間、時序與衝量進行探討，更深入釐清投擲時之手指動作控制，作為投擲技巧細微動作進步指導依據。

If baseball pitchers can understand the relationship between the fine motion control of the fingers and the ball speed and rotation speed in advance, the ball speed and rotation speed can be increased and the pitching skills can be mastered more quickly. The purpose of this research was to clarify the effect of finger knuckle control on the speed and rotation. To sort the kinematics and dynamics data of the fingers at the moment the sphere is removed from the hand by using to filter more than a thousand papers in the past 7 years through keywords and researcher review. The results showed that the wrist joint action could increase the ball speed but not the rotation speed. When throwing different ball paths, the maximum angle of the distal interphalangeal joint and mid-distal interphalangeal joint was significantly lower than that of the proximal interphalangeal joints, and the angular velocity of the distal interphalangeal joint was significantly lower than that of the proximal interphalangeal joint. It means that the distal and mid-distal phalange pressed the ball to control the rotation of the ball. In addition, from the angle of abduction to adduction about the distal phalange of the index finger, the sliding ball was significantly larger than the straight ball, and the abduction angle of the middle finger when throwing the curve ball was significantly greater than the straight ball and sliding ball. When throwing the four-seam fastball, the pressure on the middle finger was the greatest, followed by the index finger. Therefore, it was necessary to match the phalanges and interphalangeal joints of the fingers to control the movement of the fingers, and apply appropriate pressure to the ball through the index and middle fingers at the moment the ball leave the hand to increase the ball speed. It is recommended that the coaches should emphasize the control and exertion of the distal phalange of the index finger and middle finger when guiding the players. In addition, the sports technology industry can provide ball or finger pressure sensing technology. Researchers can also use this to understand the pressure control and coordination status of each finger at different times, such as discussing the amount of time, time sequence and impulse of each knuckle pressure when holding the ball. These could be as a guide for the progress of the subtle movements in throwing ball.