毒品犯再犯風險與矯治成效國際評估指標

International Indicators of Recidivism Risk and Treatment Effects for Drug Abusers

毒品犯之再犯風險極高，不僅嚴重影響施用者之身體健康，進而耗費大量醫療資源，亦可能危害治安狀況，造成各國犯罪矯正機關人滿為患。除此之外，相較於其他犯罪而言，毒品犯之矯治成效不易彰顯且評估面臨挑戰，影響毒品犯矯治對策之發展（楊士隆、李思賢等，2020）。為此，本文將分別介紹聯合國毒品和犯罪問題辦公室（UNODC）、美國國家藥物濫用研究所（NIDA）及歐洲藥物及藥物成癮監測中心（EMCDDA）等毒品問題研究機構針對毒品施用者所提出之再犯風險因素並結合臺灣相關實證調查研究之結果，歸納出重要的毒品犯再犯風險指標。其次，嘗試回顧國際研究文獻，檢視有關藥癮矯治成效之評估指標如正向認知、再犯率、就業表現及再犯風險需求評估RNR等，並介紹美國物質成癮和心理健康服務部（SAMHSA）及美國衛生研究院（NIH）等研究機構之評估指標。最後，針對國內外犯罪矯正機構常運用之矯治成效評估量表進行優點、缺點與應用方式之說明，並綜合文獻所述提出相關評論與建議。

Drug abusers' high risk of recidivism not only significantly impair their health, then cost plenty of medical resources, but also disrupt public order and make the prison over-crowded. Besides, unlike other types of crimes, the treatment effect of drug abusers is not easy to be found or evaluated correctly (Yang, Lee et al., 2020). In this article, firstly, we introduced some recidivism risk factors provided by international research institutes, focusing on drug abuse issues, such as UNODC, NIDA, and EMCDDA. Also, we will compare them with some evidence-based research in Taiwan to find out important recidivism risk indicators for drug abusers. Secondly, we reviewed international literature to understand the evaluation indicators of treatment effect for drug abusers, such as positive cognition, recidivism rate, employment performance and the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR). Moreover, we introduced other evaluation indicators of treatment effects provided by SAMHSA and NIH. Finally, the advantages, disadvantages, and application methods of the evaluation scale commonly used by domestic and internatioanal correction institutions were discussed.