返家之路迢迢？國際間受刑人重返社會方案之介紹與芻議

Is going home far way? Introducing offenders' reentry programs: An international perspective

近年來出獄人數均維持在3萬5千人，而根據法務部的統計數據顯示，每一年的再犯人數，隨著出獄時間愈長，再犯人數愈多、比率愈高，以2013年出獄人數追蹤5年為例，再犯率達56.1％，且出獄第二年為再犯高峰。另根據法務部矯正署統計資料，新入監人數，累再犯與初犯的比例已來至8：2，意味的許多出獄人並未如預期的成功復歸社會。換言之，探究這些出獄人無法順利重返社會的原因與對策，為當前矯正與觀護部門之重要課題。基此，本文試圖從犯罪學理論中找出出獄受刑人中止/持續犯罪的理論，從過往研究與文獻中探究出獄犯罪再犯的成因、釐清風險因子以及綜整所面臨的生活困境面向，以及尋找國際間目前正在實施的受刑人重返社會方案，介紹這些國家上述方案的具體內容與實際作法，以擴充吾人視野。最後，根據本文之研究，提出具體政策建議，供作矯正與觀護部門參考。

The number of released prisoners has reached at the average of 35,000 every year over the past decade. According to the Taiwanese Ministry of Justice's statistics, the number of recidivists in the past 5 years is getting higher gradually upon the time of release. Taking those released prisoners in 2013 as an example, after a 5-year's follow-up investigation, their recidivism rate was 56.1%. Specifically, the second year after incarceration was the peak of recidivism. Meanwhile, the Taiwanese Agency of Corrections' statistics in 2018 reveal, the proportion between recidivists and new comers has come to 8:2, suggesting many prisoners after prison have not successfully reentered society as expected. Hence, exploring why those ex-prisoners failed to reenter society smoothly and how work reentry programs for ex-prisoners while in society is a critical issue for Taiwanese corrections and probation departments. In line with this argument, this article attempts to find out criminological theories to explain why ex-prisoners desist from crimes or continuously commit crimes after release from prison. Moreover, this article aims to explore the causes and identify the risk factors of those recidivists and tries to summarize the dilemmas where the ex-prisoners encounter in society. Also, this piece collects some reentry programs drawn from other nations and introduces key components and practical strategies of the above-mentioned programs to Taiwanese criminal justice agencies. Overall, policy recommendations have been proposed to correctional and probation departments in final.