韓國社區矯正法制與實務論考

Introduction and Policy Implications from Community Corrections' Legal System and Practices in South Korea

韓國自1989年啟用社區矯正制度之後，即逐年精進勵行相關措施的研究與發展，現今採行成少一元化的體系模式獨具風格，其組織系統從中央的法務部「犯罪預防政策局」到地方的「保護觀察審查委員會」、「保護觀察所」，皆為社區矯正專責機關，並依照業務分工，採取兩級審理機制，分別各司其職。其以《保護觀察法》充作社區矯正專法，每年社區矯正的執行案件，包括保護觀察、行動追蹤、審前調查、假釋前社會復歸相當性調查、一般法治教育受講命令、社會服務命令、治療命令等等，超過20萬件。在2008年通過的《特定性暴力行為附加電子設備追蹤法》，授權法官裁定電子監視設備的「安裝命令」，針對觸犯2件以上的性侵犯，或對13歲以下兒童實施性暴力者，得於其假釋或緩刑時戴上電子腳鐶。2010年更擴大電子監視適用範圍於殺人及兒童綁架案件；同年7月又通過《性暴力罪犯性衝動藥物治療法》針對有高度可能再犯的特定性暴力罪犯，實施化學去勢治療方案，迄於2012年5月23日也出現亞洲首例，法制推展相當積極。再者，韓國每年派員參與聯合國犯罪預防大會發表刑事政策及犯罪預防研究論文，也定期與亞洲各國進行國際學術交流，專業發展神速，已具相當規模，不失為參考之標竿。

Community Corrections System in South Korea has devoted to research and develop its related measures year after year since this system was launched in 1989. As a result, currently, it adopts a model of merging adult and juvenile systems. The organization structure from the central ''Crime Prevention Policy Bureau'' to the local ''Probation & Parole Board'' and ''Probation & Parole Office'' is all specialized agencies. Those agencies were built according to the ''Probation Act'' which is an exclusive regulation and enacted in 1988. Every year, the implementation of community corrections including probation, GPS tracking of specific offenders, pretrial investigations, pre-parole social rehabilitation investigations, and general legal education orders, community service orders, mandatory treatment order, etc. have processed more than 200,000 cases since 2008. The ''Act on GPS Tracking of Specific Offenders'' has passed and enacted in 2008. It empowers judges to issue ''Installation Order'' of electronic surveillance devices to those persons either who have committed more than two sexual assault crimes, or who have committed sexual violence against children under the age of 13. These specific sexual violent criminals have been required forcibly to wear electronic monitoring devices during the period of parole or on probation. In 2010, the scope of electronic surveillance was expanded to cover those criminal offenders of homicide and child abduction cases. In July of the same year, the ''Sexual Violence Offenders' Sexual Impulse Drug Therapy Act'' was passed to target those high-risk sexual and violent recidivists with the execution of a chemical castration treatment program, suggesting the South Korea is the first country to pass chemical castration treatment program in Asia. Unfortunately, the first case happened on May 23, 2012. Overall, it can be said that South Korea is quite active in promoting the legal system of Community Corrections, specifically focusing on those sexual and violent criminals. Every year, the government of South Korea encourages and sends scholars and practitioners to participate in the United Nations Crime Prevention Conference where they presented some papers and speeches relating to the issues of criminal policy and crime prevention. Moreover, the government conducts international and academic exchange programs with other countries in Asia regularly. Its professional development is quite rapid and it can be a benchmark as a reference for Taiwan.