“見危不救”犯罪化一記響亮的耳光——走一條完整的道德入法路徑

Criminalization of Indifference for Helplessness: Just a Conceit From morality to Theory of Criminal Law

對“見危不救”能否入刑問題的探討，應打破學科部門的藩籬，由各學科知識共同組成的邏輯鏈條向下推演，模擬式地重走一條完整的有德入法的路徑。為了直接指明道德入法（當然本文專指“見危不救”這一道德事項）的合正義性與可行性，與其在闡釋法律與道德關系的紛繁覆雜的理論與學說中無盡旋轉，不如直接利用一根刻度清晰的“標尺”，經過測量，直觀地看到這個道德事項與刑法的距離是否足以跨越。在測量出了一般法理意義上動機與刑法的距離後，可以看到“見危不救罪”入刑在刑法理論、犯罪學、法哲學與立法司法技術層面上引起的尷尬。在刑法領域，這樣的尷尬分別體現在救助義務來源、犯罪法益這兩個方面；在犯罪學領域，這種尷尬源自於“見危不救”本質上是貝卡利亞所說的“難以證明的犯罪”；在立法學領域，入刑在立法司法實務中存在著犯罪構成要素解釋不明、犯罪主觀心態難以證明與刑偵、訴訟難以為繼的問題；在法哲學方面，入刑的非正義性集中反映在功利主義刑法對於消極自由的侵犯與“危害原則”的違反，從根本上否定了入刑的正義性。

Whether the punishment for turning away when one is in danger should be adopted into criminal law，in essence，is an issue that how should morality and law get along with each other.The mere difference is that we face a new situation once again to discuss this old theme，although indeed there is realistic need to repeat this discussion.In the article，we will break the fence among disciplines and different law and go completely through a path from morality and law，with a complete logical route made up of knowledge in several disciplines.Certainly the problem we first meet is the relationship between morality and law，in which we utilize the concept “ruler of morality” come up by Lon L.Fuller.We take such “ruler” to measure the distance between these two，especially to criminal law.First，we compare the characteristics of salvation in danger with that of two types of morality according to Lon L.Fuller so that we convince that salvation in danger belongs to “morality of aspiration”.After，we come up with several motivations functioning in salvation，trying to prove the consistence between the action of salvation and “morality of aspiration”.Going into the aspect of criminal law，we talk about the embarrassment caused by entering the criminal law involving criminology，philosophy，legislative technology，criminal detection and so on.At last，the violation to “Negative freedom” and principle of harm makes the intrusion from criminal law to morality impossible and unjust in basic sense.