國際法上的歷史沉船之所有權衝突——以保護水下文化遺產為視角

The Ownership of Historic Shipwrecks in International Law - See from the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage

歷史沉船是指那些至少100年以來連續地或週期性地位於海底的，具有重要的文化、歷史或考古價值的沉船及其船上物品。歷史沉船具有重要的文化價值和經濟價值，其無可替代的文化價值尤為重要，這些沉船是水下文化遺產的一個重要組成部分。由於歷史沉船缺乏一個具體系統的所有權制度，導致各方上演著“奪寶大戰”，對水下文化遺產的保護造成威脅。歷史沉船之所有權主體分為國家、全人類和私人三種。這三種主體在不同的海域對歷史沉船的權益各不相同，又時常產生衝突。“奧德賽”案和“泰坦尼克號”案是有關歷史沉船的兩個著名的案例，這兩個案例為和平解決歷史沉船的所有權爭端和保護水下文化遺產提供了寶貴的實踐經驗。

The term historic shipwrecks means wrecks, its cargo, and other contents having a cultural, historical or archaeological character which have been partially or totally under water, periodically or continuously, for at least 100 years. Historic shipwrecks have important cultural and economic value. The irreplaceable cultural value is more important. Historic shipwrecks are an important part of underwater cultural heritage. Because there is not a specific and systemic regime of the ownership of historic ownerships, they are easily to be scrambled. It poses great challenges for the protection of historic shipwrecks. Either countries, humankind and individual can have ownership over historic shipwrecks. They have different rights over historic shipwrecks in different sea areas and easily have disputes of ownership. The Odyssey case and Titanic case are two of the most famous case involving ownership disputes of historic shipwrecks. These two cases have provided precious practical experience for solving disputes of ownership peacefully and protecting underwater cultural heritage.