法蘭茲‧李斯特的「交響詩」釋義：對「Dichtungen」做為一種樂種的思考

Franz Liszt's ''Symphonic Poems''：Thoughts on the Symphonische Dichtungen'' as a Genre

Symphonic poem（交響詩），係譯自德文術語symphonische Dichtung。透過這個於十九世紀中期掀起爭議的新興樂種，李斯特企圖躋身於前衛交響作曲家之列。李斯特為其交響全集冠以symphonische Dichtung之名而出版，而非一開始所用的法文poèmes symphoniques。Dichtung比poèmes顯現出更多的優勢嗎？一八五五年時，李斯特發表以白遼士的《哈羅德交響曲》為引子，以「標題交響樂」（program symphony）而非symphonische Dichtung為名，來捍衛其交響作品的美學地位的文章。若將該文做為理解symphonische Dichtung的主要依據，poem僅能單薄地對應德文所蘊涵的意義。筆者將對弗里德里希‧施萊格爾這位代表德國浪漫派思潮對Dichtung的論述，李斯特的標題音樂理論，與其音樂如何處理文學結構這三者之間做相互的參照與檢視。施萊格爾所謂「反省的片刻」與綜合的文體，可釐清李斯特理論中的「現代英雄」與「哲學史詩」，亦能為他如何用聲音超越文學作品所設定的框架做出詮釋。

The Symphonische Dichtung, the innovative and controversial orchestral genre of the mid-nineteenth century through which Liszt presented himself as an avant-garde composer, is usually translated into English as''symphonic poem.'' Liszt used the term poèmes symphoniques early in the development of the genre and only later used the term symphonische Dichtung when publishing the works. This terminological variability raises the question of what, precisely, Liszt understood as a''poem'' or''poetry'' and its relevance to the formation of this symphonic genre. In his article''Berlioz und seine Harold Symphonie'' (“Berlioz and his Harold Symphony''), published in 1855, Liszt presented the essential concepts informing his conception of programmatic or''poetic'' music. The essay suggests that the ideas invoked by the term Symphonische Dichtung go beyond its English translation to encompass''poetry'' in broader terms. The purpose of this article is to examine this larger conception of''poetry,'' considering Friedrich Schlegel’s account of Dichtung, Liszt’s theoretical writings on the program symphony, and related compositional issues in Liszt’s symphonic works. Certain of Schlegel’s ideas, such as the''moment of reflection'' and the''mixture of different literary genres,'' can clarify the somewhat ambiguous concepts of''modern heroes'' and''philosophical epopoeias'' Liszt developed in his account of program music. Schlegel’s writings also provide a context in which to understand the way Liszt surpasses the framework provided by literary structures in developing his compositional ideas.