改革與困境：國軍後勤補給制度的變革（1944－1946）

Reform and Predicament: The Reform of the National Revolutionary Army's Logistics and Supply, 1944-1946

1944年的國民政府，受到日軍一號作戰重大打擊，局勢嚴峻。蔣中正為力挽狂瀾，自該年年中開始，發動大規模軍事改革。此一軍事釐革，學界已有不少研究，主要聚焦於軍隊整編。其實除此以外，後勤制度的變革亦一併進行，惟多數研究尚未措意於此。本文因以此為題，考察中日戰爭結束前後國軍高層後勤組織及補給制度的變革，述論當時後勤變革的背景、經過、轉變與成效等，另考察人事派系的影響，以及美國居於其中的作用。本文指出，自中日戰爭末期至戰後初期，國軍高層後勤機構經過三次大幅變動。首先是強化後方勤務部之職能，弱化軍政部後勤業務。次則陳誠出任軍政部長之後，調整改革方向，強化軍政部，縮編後方勤務部，同時推動機構整併與推廣補給區制度等。再而戰後未及一年，聯合勤務總司令部建立，全國各個後勤機構皆予整併。兩年間的改革，可見國軍後勤補給從日制轉向美制，也可見新式後勤在中國西南地區推動的實效。然而，國軍後勤變革過程亦產生種種問題，人事派系的紛擾、新制度本身的缺陷與現實環境的制約，使改革陷入困境。1944年至1946年的後勤變革，呈現近代中國在內外交迫之下，急進與緩進改革之兩難。

In 1944, the Nationalist Government suffered serious reverses because of Operation Ichigo of the Imperial Japanese Army. In order to turn the tide, Chiang Kai-shek launched a comprehensive military reform program. Scholars have focused on the re-organization of the armed forces, but neglected the logistics apparatus of the National Revolutionary Army. This article examines the institutional changes of the National Revolutionary Army's logistics and supply practices. This article argues that the upper echelon of the logistics organization was changed through three phases. In the first phase, the role of the Rear Area Logistics Bureau 後方勤務部 was strengthened and the responsibilities of the Ministry of War were reduced. In the second phase, when Chen Cheng assumed office as the Minister of War 軍政部長, the importance of the Ministry of War was re-emphasized, and Rear Area Logistics Bureau was demoted to become the Rear Area Logistics Command 後方勤務總司令部. Several logistics commands were merged and the practice of designated supply zones promoted. The last phase took effect within one year after the war, when the Combined Service Forces was set up and the logistics units were re-organized. Thus logistics were transformed from the Japanese style to the American style, while the reforms were beset by personnel struggles, institutional defects, and environmental restrictions.