從儒釋道到靜覺的自我修養模式：正念的重新思考

Tranquility-Enlightenment Self-Cultivation Model: Rethinking Mindfulness from the Perspective of Chinese Three Philosophies

近三十年來，靜坐於西方掀起熱潮，其中最為風行的則為正念（mindfulness）。但其僅擷取佛教練習方法或技術，未能完整反映正念靜坐之原貌。因此，本文以華人儒道釋文化中關於靜坐與靜的思想為來源，試圖重新思考正念靜坐的意義，並提出一靜覺的自我修養模式。本文根據儒道釋經典，主張靜坐實則為修養「靜」的境界。其中「靜」的實踐智慧則可稱為靜覺，其以道德理性為基礎，藉由修養與行動，來達到人生圓滿、心理社會的均衡與真實且持久的快樂。靜覺的修養係指自我藉由智慧進行反思，以遠離欲望，進而邁向覺醒。其內涵為：克己寡欲、專注定心、仁慈利他與反思智慧。鑑於靜覺較西方正念更為強調減少欲望與自我反思，期盼本研究能對於未來關於正念、靜坐乃至於心理健康之研究提供不同的進路。

The concept of mindfulness has spread widely in the West. It draws on Buddhist meditation techniques, but does not present the full nature of Buddhism. Western mindfulness ignores Buddhist ideas about how self-cultivation can be used to attain the ultimate state of nonself-plus-compassion and to reach enlightenment. To fill this gap, we proposed the tranquility-enlightenment self-cultivation model (TESCM) based on three Chinese philosophies (Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism) in order to fully represent the Chinese doctrines of meditation and jing (靜, tranquility and inner peace). We first elucidated how meditation facilitates self-cultivation. The purpose of meditation in all three Chinese philosophies is to cultivate a tranquil state of mind, which allows individuals to focus on monitoring the mind, controlling desire, diminishing the ego, and increasing compassion. We refined the concepts of meditation and jing by drawing on scriptures from the three Chinese philosophies, which we used to develop the wisdom, mentality, and actions comprising the TESCM. According to the theory of strangification in constructive realism, which can be used to generalize a specific theory rooted in one culture to another; we then interpreted the Chinese doctrines of meditation and jing using Western psychological language to demonstrate the psychological functioning of the TESCM based on the cultural heritage of Chinese Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. The TESCM includes giving up desire, practicing mindful stillness, selfless altruism, and reflective wisdom. Application of the TESCM entails conducting self-reflection with the wisdom to drift away from desire and toward enlightenment. The fundamental concept of the TESCM is giving up desire. Because it may cause suffering, giving up desire can lead to authentic and durable happiness. When one regulates desire intentionally, one may remain unperturbed by external influences and maintain emotional stability, thereby attaining inner peace through the practice of mindful stillness. Furthermore, giving up desire allows one to reduce engagement with self-centered and selfish behaviors, which may lead to more altruistic behavior and improved social- and self-identity. Reflective wisdom, which refers to conducting self-reflection through the principle of giving up desire, practicing mindful stillness, and selfless altruism, is a tool of the TESCM. Reflective wisdom allows one to monitor the mind. When self-centered or selfish thoughts or inappropriate desires appear, reflective wisdom can trigger the psychological function that will dissolve desire and ill will. The TESCM draws on contemporary neuroscience, emphasizing that because of brain neuroplasticity, an individual's habitus and behavior can be shaped by continuously giving up desire, and practicing mindful stillness, selfless altruism, and reflective wisdom. For instance, if one continuously works to regulate negative desires, one may acquire the mentality of having few desires in the long term. This effect can be attained through self-regulation and meditation. Overall, the TESCM depicts the psychological process of liberating oneself from desire, moving from self-centeredness to selflessness, fostering positive interpersonal relationships, and gaining real freedom from the suffering in daily life. This process leads to ultimate wholeness, psychological homeostasis, and authentic and durable happiness. Few studies have been devoted to conceptualizing the three Chinese philosophies. The present study is the first to develop a theoretical framework based on a full consideration of meditation in Chinese Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. We suggest that Chinese meditation provides a reliable and useful approach to improving quality of life. Compared to Western mindfulness, the TESCM focuses more on desire regulation, self-reflection, and moral cultivation than on hedonic happiness or wellbeing as the ultimate purpose of meditation. We conclude by indicating future directions for research on mindfulness, meditation, and mental health.