建構本土心理諮商（治療）模式之必要性與可能性

The Necessity and Possibility of Constructing Indigenous Counseling Models

本文由國內諮商輔導之起源與發展、文化對諮商與心理治療之影響、建立本土化諮商（治療）模式的可能性和探討諮商研究方法學四個向度，說明自1950年代國內引進西方心理諮商理論，諮商輔導工作蓬勃發展，之後受到楊國樞和黃光國等學者發起的本土心理學思潮的影響，在1990年代建構本土諮商（治療）模式的思考逐漸萌芽。當時楊淑蘭、王明雯分別提出易經諮商模式和禪宗諮商理念；數年後，以陳秉華、余德慧、黃光國和劉淑慧等人為首提出不同取向之本土化諮商和療癒觀；近年來佛教正念療法不論在中西方都有良好的發展，國內並成立訓練組織和師資認證系統，為目前僅有之較具規模的本土心理諮商理論，但其中已參雜了西方理論，例如：認知行為治療。因此截至目前，雖有多種本土諮商論述被學者提出，但實證研究甚少，主要集中在以人我協調關係架構探討諮商歷程中自我與人際關係的變化，至於探討華人諮商理論、諮商歷程，以及諮商相關因素之研究皆十分不足，對於建構完整的本土化諮商模式能提供之基礎資訊尚是闕如，因而以華人哲學與文化為基礎建構之完整心理諮商模式仍未出現或正式發表。本文藉由回顧本土化諮商之萌芽與發展歷程，說明文化對諮商與心理治療之影響、評論學者提出之本土諮商理念的優點與問題，探討目前國內尚未能建構完整本土心理諮商模式之原因，透過整理本土諮商方法的發展、理念和研究的應行之路，作者提出本文的結論：建構本土諮商模式有其必要性與極大的可能性，但本土諮商理論模式之建構必須長期累積以文化為基礎的經驗和諮商理念，經過科學研究的驗證。不過，醫學導向之實證本位研究法並不全然適合用於驗證本土諮商模式，建議採用質性研究的精神，發展驗證本土諮商模式的具體做法，實施於本地的個案。

In this article, I organize the facts regarding the development of indigenous counseling methods, ideas, and studies; explain the influence of culture on counseling and psychotherapy; analyze the advantages and drawbacks of proposed indigenous counseling concepts; and discuss the reasons why an exhaustive indigenous counseling model has not yet been proposed. Buddhist mindfulness theory is the only relatively well-developed counseling theory in Taiwan that has indigenous elements. A national training center and therapist certification system have been established. Although Buddhist mindfulness theory originated from Zen philosophy in China, it was adopted as the basis for psychological therapy in the West, particularly the U.S. and the U.K, where it was mixed with western counseling theories, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy. Strictly speaking, it is not a counseling model based solely on Chinese culture. In the 1990s, pioneers of indigenous psychology in Taiwan inspired counselors to generate culture-based ideas and build fully indigenous models of counseling. For example, S. L. Yang constructed the I-Ching counseling model based on I-Ching philosophy, and M. W. Wang proposed Zen philosophy for counseling. Liu's team applied the I-Ching model to career counseling. Hwang published his thoughts on the influence of Confucianism on Chinese personality. His team subsequently integrated Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism to propose psychological-healing in the form of self-cultivation. However, few empirical studies have been conducted to examine the validity of these Taiwanese indigenous counseling concepts. Most of the existing empirical studies were conducted by P. H. Chen and her colleagues. Their investigations focused on the interpersonal-conflict domain, which is too narrow. There is no empirical evidence supporting Liu's or Hwang's theories. Research on counseling theory, counseling processes, and counseling-related factors based on Chinese culture is needed. The crucial information necessary to construct a thorough indigenous counseling model is lacking. A complete and well-documented indigenous counseling model based on Chinese culture and philosophy has yet to be presented or officially published. I conclude the article by proposing a counseling interaction model that describes the process of counseling and the related factors that influence the results obtained by employing a given counseling theory. The possibility of constructing an indigenous counseling model exists, but accumulation of long-term culture-based experience with counseling and a counseling philosophy are preconditions. All indigenous counseling theories proposed must be able to stand up to empirical examination. Medical-oriented empirical research methodology may not be suitable for verifying indigenous counseling theories because of the subtle, changeable, and interactive nature of counseling. I recommend a qualitative approach to examine indigenous counseling models in order to identify the specific practices appropriate for local people.