卓蘭鎮四縣客家話單字調之聲學分析

An Acoustic Analysis of the Tones of Sixian Hakka in Zhuolan Township

卓蘭鎮四縣客家話的聲調鮮少受到研究關注，不僅相關調查文獻數量相當少，且均屬傳統方言學的調查研究。傳統方言學調查研究的優點在於可迅速瞭解當地方言的聲調系統，其缺點在於參與發音的人數少，語音記錄相當主觀。有鑑於此侷限，本研究將針對卓蘭鎮四縣客家話的單字調的調長、調形與調值進行聲學分析，並將研究結果與傳統方言學調查相互比較。本研究的發音人共計10名，中年層，男女各半。他們透過發音字表，以固定速率唸讀四縣客家話的6個單字調，每個調含6個例字，每個例字唸5次，截頭去尾切取中間3次進行分析，故總共有1080個語音樣本。本研究首先利用PRAAT對語音樣本進行基頻頻率分析與長度測量、之後進行基頻標準化，最後則將標準化後的聲調平均值及標準差繪製成聲調格局圖。卓蘭四縣客家話六個聲調的分析結果如下：陰平[33]、陽平[31]、上聲[42]、去聲[54]、陰入[43]、陽入[4]。（一）就調長而言，本研究與傳統調查的結果一致，舒聲調均長於入聲調。（二）就調形與調值而論，本研究在陰平、陽平、陰入等聲調的調形與調值呈現出不同於傳統調查的結果。（三）就方言接觸來說，本研究顯示卓蘭四縣客家話的聲調受東勢大埔客家話的聲調影響很深。最後，本研究也將研究成果與相關議題（如語言使用的性別差異、語言接觸所造成的調值變異等）進行相互連結。

Little attention has been directed to the lexical tones of Sixian Hakka in Zhuolan Township. Related studies are few in number, and are fieldwork surveys of traditional dialectology. The limit of traditional fieldwork surveys lies in the few participating informants and subjective phonetic transcription by researchers. For this reason, this study targeted at acoustically exploring the durations, contours and values of the tones in Sixian Hakka in Zhuolan Township, and compared the results of this study with those of traditional fieldwork surveys. Ten speech informants(five males and five females) took part in this research. Informants were required to read out a word list with six words for each of the six lexical tones in Zhuolan Sixian Hakka. Each word was successively read five times, the middle three of which were segmented for tonal analysis, so the total number of sound samples was 1080. This study used PRAAT to analyze fundamental frequency(F0) and measure F0 duration, followed by F0 normalization. Finally, the means and standard deviations of the normalized F0 of each tone in Zhuolan Sixian Hakka were used to draw charts of tone patterns. Based on this acoustic study, the six tones in Zhuolan Sixian Hakka were as follows: Yinping[33], Yangping[31], Shangsheng[42], Qusheng[54], Yinru[43] and Yangru[4]. As for tone duration, this study was like traditional fieldwork surveys in that non-checked tones were longer than checked tones. In terms of tone contour and value, this study differed from traditional fieldwork surveys in Yingping, Yangping and Yingru. In terms of dialact contact, this study showed that Dongshi Dapu Hakka has a strong tonal influence on Zhuolan Sixian Hakka. Finally, this study also discussed some issues related to the research results, like gender difference in language use and tonal variation.