「君臣大義」與東、西魏政權的建立和穩固

On “The Great Duty between the Monarch and the Subject”, and the Establishment and Stabilization of East and West Wei Political Powers

北魏末歷史發展的趨勢，是群雄競相以「君臣大義」口號成就霸業。高歡能打敗尒朱氏，是高舉「君臣大義」旗幟深得人心之故；而宇文泰能擊敗侯莫陳悅，使孝武帝入關建立西魏，亦是依循同樣模式。東魏國力雖強，卻因孝武帝西奔，人心渙散。高歡為此極力尊君、包容貪腐、屢次興兵西討，企求強化統治正當性；西魏國力雖弱，卻被時人視為代表北魏的正統政權，「挾天子」的宇文泰，便能以此「從民望」、「服雄傑」、「致英俊」，在建政初期站穩腳步，打下與東魏長期鼎峙的基礎。

The trend of historical development at the end of Northern Wei was a race to establish political power by rivaling warlords in the name of “the great duty between monarch and subject”. Gao Huan was able to defeat the Erzhu clan because he was deeply popular through upholding the principle of “the Great Duty between Monarch and Subject”. And the reason why Yuwen Tai was able to beat Houmochen Yue and make Emperor Xiaowu enter guan zhong and establish the Western Wei was also that he followed the same pattern. Although Eastern Wei was a powerful nation, the confidence of its people was shaken due to the forced escape of Emperor Xiaowu. In View of this, Gao Huan was extremely respectful to the monarch and rather permissive towards corruptions. He repeatedly conducted military campaign against Western Wei in attempts to strengthen the legitimacy of his rule. Although Western Wei was weaker in its national strength, it was considered by its contemporary society at large as the legitimate political power representing the Northern Wei. By “controlling the emperor”, Yuwen Tai could claim to “follow the people's will”, “subdue powerful lords”, and “attract the talents”. It helped Yuwen Tai to establish his political power in the early stage and build the foundation to rival Eastern Wei in the long run.