晚清海外遊歷及其意識的互動及變遷──以清代經世文編對「遊歷」的認識為討論中心

The Transition and Construction of Overseas Traveling Consciousness in Late Qing China: Focusing on Jing Shih Wen Bian

19世紀中葉以前的遊歷，多屬個人自發與自覺的活動，旅行者如行遍天下的明清鼎革之際遺民，以及為求生計與閱歷之廣的遊幕士人。在清末不平等條約對外開放旅行權的契機、中外交涉事務的頻繁，與回應危機變革的需求下，遊歷的空間與意識經歷從「天下」到「世界」的轉變。官方將「出洋」與「遊歷」密切接連，隨著時局變化和改革的推動，亦逐漸了解到遊歷風氣的推廣，在人事、制度等各層面皆扮演重要角色。自魏源、賀長齡編纂的《皇朝經世文編》以降，數部經世文編中的遊歷，被賦予出洋遊歷看世界的視角。1870年代使節出洋求「知外情」以達到辦理洋務不致掣肘，至1890年代以降的維新與庚子新政，出洋遊歷被視為「立學」與「設學」的重點，以及各級官員與地方仕紳落實改革風氣的政策。此外，朝野知識界對遊歷裨益工商業意見，也多有提出。19世紀末到20世紀初，遊歷活動在官方奏議、報刊輿論、出使日記、輿地著作出版中，與不同時期的出洋遊歷經驗互動，逐漸形構為一種追求世界經驗，試圖達致富強的海外的意識。

Travel is traditionally considered personal affairs until the mid-19th century. The Treaty of Tientsin signed after the Second Opium War allowed foreigners to travel inland, provoking a series of disputes and crises due to their investigation and adventure for business, military, or missionary purposes. Faced with the new situation, Qing officials gradually realized the significance of overseas travel as a means to gather information and those responsible for foreign affairs were sent abroad for diplomatic missions since the Self- Strengthening Movement. At the same time, Chinese elites began to reposition China relative to the world and grasp the latest trends in Europe, America, and Japan. From the period onward till the early 20th century, Qing diplomats, exiled reformers, as well as other bureaucrats and gentlemen provided new perspectives through their writings toward overseas travel. This article focuses on the nine volumes of Jing Shih Wen Bian (Collected Essays about Statecraft) of Qing to examine the transitional and constructional processes of overseas traveling consciousness.