中國史前城址綜合研究

A Study on Prehistoric Walled Sites in China

本文嘗試討論中國史前城址的特色及其與後世城市的差異。史前城址可按照其集中分布的地域分成長江流域的寶墩文化與屈家嶺─石家河文化城址、黃河中下游龍山時代城址、黃河中游二里頭時期城址、夏家店下層文化石城址。本文先分別討論各地區史前城址的特色，再做比較。各地城址在分布地形、城牆的修築方式與建材、城牆形狀、城牆與壕溝的用途、城址的使用時間、城內設施的分布、城址的機能等方面都有差異。將史前城址與二里頭及二里崗時期的「早期城市」、春秋戰國之際新興的「新型城市」相比，可看出史前城址規模普遍較小，無法容納太多人口。城址內部情況由於考古資料的殘缺而多半不詳，然就少數幾座發掘面積較大的城址來看，其內部缺乏有規劃的佈局與明確分區，亦無內城外郭的結構。有些城址內部有類似宮殿或宗廟的大型夯土建築，應具政治機能；有些城址發現生產石器與玉器的痕跡，可能具經濟機能。然而大多數的城址都不像二里頭、二里崗時代的都城或更晚的郡縣城一樣，兼具政治與經濟等各種機能。

This paper attempts to examine various characteristics of prehistoric walled sites in China and explores the decisive differences between them and the later cities. These prehistoric walled sites, based on their locations, can be distinguished into different archaeological cultures––the Baodun culture and Q ujialing-Shijiahe culture in the basin of Yangtze River, Longshan culture in the midstream and downstream of Yellow River, Erlitou culture in the midstream of Yellow River, and Lower Xiajiadian culture. These prehistoric walled sites demonstrate evident differences, including location selection, wall building methods, building materials of the walls, the outlines of the walled enclosure, the function of the wall and the moat, the infrastructure inside the walls, their functions for walled enclosures, and periods of the use of the walls (from the point of being constructed to its abandonment). Compared with those prehistoric walled sites of “primitive cities” in the period of Erlitou Cuture and Erligang Culture, and with “new type of cities” between the period of Spring and Autumn as well as the Warring States period, the scale of these prehistoric walled enclosures is generally smaller, and therefore had a limited population capacity. While the spatial planning within these walled enclosures remains mostly unknown due to a lack of archaeological evidence, according to the relatively complete excavation reports available from a few larger walled sites, there were neither clear signs of planning nor the structure comprised of a palace city and an outer enclosure. It appears that the traces of stamped-earth foundations for larger-scale buildings, ––possibly palaces or temples––can be found in several walled sites and these walled sites are consequently presumed to political function. The other walled sites additionally are found traces of making stone and jade artifacts. As a result, these walled sites are thus presumed to function as an economic base. Nevertheless, unlike the capitals of the Xia and the Shang dynasties or counties and commanderies of the later ages, the prehistoric walled sites did not function as political or economical use at the same time.