區別技術在參照指導性案例之司法實踐中的應用及其改進——以指導性案例第24號為分析對象

The Distinguishing Technique in the Practice of Guiding Case and its Improvement: Taking Guiding Case NO. 24 as An Example

在奉行遵循先例原則的普通法之運行中，區別技術居於核心地位，其基本含義是法官比較先例與待決案件之間是否具有相似性。這對我國的案例指導制度也具有重要的借鑒意義。通過對我國司法實踐中引述了指導性案例第24號的裁判文書加以梳理可以發現，法官們在運用區別技術來否定參照指導性案例時，能以案件事實或者法律適用不相似作為論證理由，但這種運用比較粗糙和混亂，甚至存在矛盾之處。即使在那些運用區別技術來肯定參照指導性案例的裁判文書中，也存在著將特定指導性案例擴展到其他類型案件的“跨界”適用，其中包含著不少隱患。目前，區別技術在參照指導性案例之司法實踐中的運用，仍處於自發探索的初級階段，需要從多方面加以改進和完善，具體包括提供更多類型豐富的指導性案例、細化制度設計中操作性較強的技術性規定、借助程序性手段形成有效規制以及結合其他司法制度創新，等等。區別技術的改進和提升，能夠有效推動法官在參照指導性案例時從自發走向自覺，進而充分發揮案例指導制度的應然價值。 The distinguishing technique is essential to the common law, which means to confirm if the precedents and case in hand are substantially similar. This technique is very meaningful to the application of guiding case in China. Based on the statistics of adjudicative documents that cite guiding case No. 24, we can see that the judges can make different decisions with chaotic use of distinguishing technique. Even in the confirmation of similarity, the expanded use of guiding case No. 24 is very questionable, which contains some potential danger. With all the analysis mentioned above, we should improve the distinguishing technique in the practice of guiding case system, such as more guiding cases published, more detailed rules, more procedural operations and more cooperation among judicial institutions. The improve of distinguishing technique of guiding casecan make the best of guiding case system as expected.