糾紛與秩序──清代至日治初期屏東平原水利紛爭的幾則案例

Conflicts and Orders: cases on irrigational conflicts in Pintung plain during Qing and early Japanese Era

屏東平原因地形格局所致，主要河川在流出潮州斷層崖後，形成多處沖積扇，河系多呈辮狀流布；加以氣候乾濕分明，河川榮枯變化顯著，加劇水資源在時、空間上的流動性與變化性，造成各處地域用水的緊張關係。在人文環境中，因清康熙61年（1722）至同治朝開山撫番前，皆厲行劃界封山，番界雖有游移，但大致沿山一帶縱貫，此舉將平原上多數河川上游水源地圈畫出界。在朝廷嚴禁民番一律不許越界的基本立場下，先民為求取水無虞，以及地方官府在管理實務上，三方又曾做出哪些調適？日後隨著漢人拓墾、熟番移住沿山，以及因福老、客家長期不和氛圍下所形塑出的族群空間分布，在面對水源同引的地域現實利益時，不同社群間會如何折衝與妥協？水利秩序又將如何演變？據此，本文蒐集、梳理數則清代至日治初期發生在屏東平原的水利糾紛，分析事發脈絡與地域發展，並藉以觀察在日治時期國家力量強勢介入水利秩序的安排前，這些紛爭如何被調解？水權如何再分配？而在調解過程中，民間社會力又反映出哪些內蘊其中的用水舊慣、水利秩序與地域特性。研究結果發現：這數起水利紛爭雖僅是長時段地域發展過程中的切面式歷史場景，但紛爭本身，及其內蘊之水利秩序實來自地理環境、族群關係、官方行政律令，以及民間舊有慣習等結構性因素所共同形塑而成，其後更是隨著歷史地理結構－由各地自然地理、人文環境系統所共構－的歷時演變，呈現出不斷再結構的動態發展歷程。以因引取界外水源，導致山豬毛番害的火燒庄一例來看，不難發現中央政府、地方官府與民間社會三方各具立場、各有考量、各取所需的互動與折衝；另有在六堆內部（前、後堆）與鄰近熟番聚落間，以及福、客接觸地帶的水利糾紛，更可看出在族群的內與外，時而競爭，時而妥協、合作的不同地域氛圍。在水權配置方面，除了較為常見是由民間社會力主導下的依投資工本均分外，尚有因地方協調未果，由清代官方介入，根據上繳官府之賦餉稅額來配份；分水方式更有立缺分水、架分流、分日輪灌等不同運作模式。要言之，透過水利糾紛的分析，有助於釐清水利秩序的運作樣貌，亦可觀察到內蘊其中，且持續影響地域發展的血緣、地緣與業緣等相互疊加、交織共構的社會脈絡。 As a result of topographical configuration in Pintung plain, rivers turned into alluvial fan in many places after flowing out of Chao-chou fault cliff, river systems are usually observed in braided distributions. The obvious change in rainfall with the seasons even caused the uncertainty of water resources and strengthen the tensions in agricultural needs for water. In human environments, the adaption of aboriginal boundary policy during 1722-1784 block the access for water sources. To ensure the stability of water access for residents and the tax income for government, what adjustments were adapted between the residents, the local officials, and the central government? Meanwhile, with the settlements of ＂Shou-Fan＂ along the piedmonts and the tensional relationships between the Hakkas and Hokklos, how the comprises were made between different social groups and the becoming of irrigational orders were formed? Thus, this article is about to clarify the irrigational conflicts in Pingtung plain during Qing and early Japanese era, trying to analyse the context of that history and the geography. Besides, before the intervention for the water conservancy policy from the Japanese government, how the conflicts were solved though out the comprises and how the irrigational domination were reallocated? What kinds of traditional customs, irrigational orders, regional characteristics were reflected in the process of the comprises among folk forces? The study indicated: the irrigational conflicts, and the high variety of irrigational orders within are the results from the structural factors, such as the geographical environments, the ethnic distributions, the governmental regulations, and the traditional customs. The irrigational conflicts and orders even imply that with historical and geographical structures, the dynamic restructuralized course of events was occurring. The conflict in Huo-Shao settlement resulted from the irrigational use of border transgression indicated the different positons, thinking, interactions among the central government, the local officals, and the people. Furthermore, the irrigational conflicts occurred in the inner part of Liu-Dui Hakka region (especially the Qian-Dui and Hou-Dui settlements), the neighboring Shou-Fan settlements, the adjacent areas between the Hoklo and Hakka settlements, even suggest the competitive and cooperative interactions seen not only among different ethnic groups but also within the similar ethnic groups.