後冷戰紀念文化之歐洲化

The Europeanization of Cultures of Remembrance in Post-Cold War Europe

歐盟東向的擴張造成其地理中心之東移，也挑戰了歐盟過去在紀念文化上以大屠殺為基礎的共識。為重新定義歐盟的身分，各會員國持續投入記憶政治的場域。這部分主要包括歐洲議會的幾項決議：2005年設立納粹大屠殺受難者紀念日、2007年宣布成立歐洲歷史之家、並於2009年決議設立屬於全歐洲共同的紀念日，以紀念所有極權與獨裁政權的受害者。此外，歐洲各國與社會在紀念方面亦試圖推動各自的追求，通常從其戰爭或戰後的受害經驗出發。這些爭論突顯了作為聯盟重心之各歐盟機構與成員國之間日益緊繃的關係；亦指出過去分屬東西對立權力結構的各國與彼此之間的衝突。本文探討這些記憶政治的重要面向，指出歐洲在創造對過去更一致的理解時，所面臨的種種問題。

The eastward expansion of the European Union has shifted its geographical centre to the East, and called into question the Union's previous commemorative consensus, which was based on the Holocaust. In order to redefine its identity, ED member states have continuously engaged in the politics of memory. This was done prominently through initiatives in the European Parliament, with the adoption of the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of National Socialism in 2005, the announcement of the establishment of a House of European History in 2007 and the adoption of a resolution for a Europe-wide Day of Remembrance of the Victims of All Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in 2009. Besides, European states and societies have also attempted to promote their own remembrance agendas, usually based on wartime or post-war victimhood. These debates have accentuated growing tensions between EU institutions as the centre of gravitation of the Union and individual member states. They also point out the conflicts between member states which belonged to the formerly oppositional Eastern and Western power structures. By covering central aspects of this politics of memory, this article aims to discuss the problems posed by attempts of creating a more unified understanding of the past in Europe.