從「舊慣」到「民俗」：日本近代知識生產與殖民地臺灣的文化政治

From 'Old Customs' to 'Folklore': Modem Japanese Knowledge Production and Cultural Politics in Colonial Taiwan

民俗學為歐洲近代學術的一環，而東亞地區民俗學傳統的形成，則與十九世紀後期以來帝國主義及民族主義歷史有密切關聯。本文以1900年代臺灣舊慣調查事業與1940年代臺灣民俗保存運動為例，探討日臺殖民知識和權力關係的轉變，如何使得文化成為臺灣殖民地政治的重要場域，並反映近代臺灣的殖民地學術脈絡與文化政治過程。筆者透過舊慣與民俗兩種殖民知識類型和文化政治脈絡的比較，說明臺灣民俗研究的特殊發展軌跡，亦即從日治初期具有殖民地文化治理和殖民論述性格的舊慣調查，轉變為戰爭動員時期對於地方鄉土認同與文化保存的民俗研究。而相較於中日韓等東亞地區民俗學的連續發展，戰後臺灣的民俗研究則由於殖民學術情境與去殖民過程的雙重因素，出現學術傳統斷裂與交叉移植的現象。 Folklore studies became a modern discipline in nineteenth-century Europe. The development of folklore studies in East Asia has been deeply affected by imperialism and nationalism. This study aims to explore the historical trajectory of Taiwanese folklore studies by comparing two representative cases, namely the investigation of old customs in 1900s and the collection of local folklores in the 1940s. From official knowledge project and instrument of colonial govemmentality to local intellectual initiatives and efforts of cultural preservation, folklore studies not only reflected the changing knowledge/power relations but became a contested realm of cultural politics in colonial Taiwan. Unlike the folklore studies in Japan, China, and Korea, this colonial historical background and the intellectual ruptures after WWII account for the vicissitudes of post-war Taiwanese folklore studies and offer a vivid example in understanding the introduction of modern disciplines in East Asia.