從〈諭中原檄〉的傳鈔看明代華夷正統觀的轉變

Changing Perspectives on Barbarians and Dynastic Legitimacy in the Ming Dynasty: A Case Study of the Yu zhongyuan xi

吳元年十月，朱元璋北伐之際，曾遣使傳檄中原，當時所發檄文即是著名的〈諭中原檄〉。明正統十四年「土木之變」以降，明人的華夷正統觀開始出現轉變，主流思潮逐漸趨向對「華夷之防」的強調。此後官修《續資治通鑑綱目》所收載的〈諭中原檄〉，已是經過編纂官員修改後的版本，其內容不僅反映明成化時期「華夷正統觀」之轉變，更影響此後明人對明代開國史的理解。是以探究〈諭中原檄〉版本之流變，亦有助於瞭解明代華夷正統觀之變化。 In late 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang declared war on the Mongols and dispatched messengers to deliver a declaration to the people of the North China Plain. Zhu’s declaration, entitled Yu zhongyuan xi (〈諭中原檄〉), was included in the Xu zizhi tongjian gangmu (《續資治通鑑綱目》) by Ming officials roughly a century later. This officially sanctioned edition of Zhu’s declaration, which differed from the original one, reflected changes in the perspectives on barbarians and dynastic legitimacy. These changes can be traced to the Tumu Crisis of 1449 and the politics of the Chenghua era (1465-1487), when mainstream thinking gradually shifted toward the view that fundamental distinctions did exist between Chinese and barbarians. The revised version of the Yu zhongyuan xi influenced not only later generations’ views of barbarians, but also later Ming perspectives on the history of the founding of the Ming dynasty and its legitimacy. By examining various editions of the Yu zhongyuan xi, this article traces important changes in perspectives on barbarians and dynastic legitimacy in the Ming dynasty.

In late 1367, Zhu Yuanzhang declared war on the Mongols and dispatched messengers to deliver a declaration to the people of the North China Plain. Zhu’s declaration, entitled Yu zhongyuan xi (〈諭中原檄〉), was included in the Xu zizhi tongjian gangmu (《續資治通鑑綱目》) by Ming officials roughly a century later. This officially sanctioned edition of Zhu’s declaration, which differed from the original one, reflected changes in the perspectives on barbarians and dynastic legitimacy. These changes can be traced to the Tumu Crisis of 1449 and the politics of the Chenghua era (1465-1487), when mainstream thinking gradually shifted toward the view that fundamental distinctions did exist between Chinese and barbarians. The revised version of the Yu zhongyuan xi influenced not only later generations’ views of barbarians, but also later Ming perspectives on the history of the founding of the Ming dynasty and its legitimacy. By examining various editions of the Yu zhongyuan xi, this article traces important changes in perspectives on barbarians and dynastic legitimacy in the Ming dynasty.