地志與紀遊：《西湖合志》與晚明杭州刊刻的名勝志

Local Gazetteers and Travel Writing: The Combined Gazetteers of West Lake and Scenic Spot Gazetteers in Late Ming Hangzhou

明代後期各地名勝志之編纂蓬勃發展，杭州西湖地區尤為突出。本文主要聚焦成書於崇禎間（1628-1644）的《西湖合志》，該書是由《西湖志》、《東西天目山志》、以及《徑山志》所彙集而成的總合名勝志，結構上是以西湖為中心，加入鄰近名山，在較晚的刊本中更進一步匯入天下名山，在明代名勝志書中體例特殊。本研究追索西湖相關的系列山水志書，發現其刊印頻繁，不斷重編再版。編纂刊印的動機，從保存文史、可作治事參考、視為個人政績、或護持佛教寺院，逐漸轉變為收錄更多個人性的社交旅遊活動和題詠詩文，讓無法親臨其境的讀者藉以臥遊名山大川，立意已與「近乎郡史」的早期西湖志書相去甚遠，心態上則重視遊賞遠勝於紀實，將公眾性勝景的客觀紀錄轉化為私人性集體記憶。因杭州之各種地志需求量大，吸引眾多文士投入編纂，相互援引和撰述者專業化的情況特別突出，志書之編撰及出版也成為文人交遊的另類空間。《西湖合志》的出現，不但見證西湖旅遊活動之繁盛，也與城市生活的社交性息息相關，此當肇因於西湖與杭州緊鄰相繫的獨特地理位置。 The compilation of gazetteers devoted to scenic spots flourished in the late Ming period. Writings on West Lake (西湖) were especially abundant due to its popularity among tourists. This study focuses on two editions of The Combined Gazetteers of West Lake (西湖合志), one published in 1640 and the other in 1644. The Combined Gazetteers incorporated three gazetteers—one on West Lake, the second on the neighboring mountains of Tianmu (天目山), and finally, one on the Jing mountains (徑山)—which made it unusual among gazetteers of the Ming dynasty. In later editions, travel writings on famous mountains around the country were also incorporated. Gazetteers of landscapes around West Lake were reprinted relatively often during the last decades of the Ming period. The compilers included local literati, officials from neighboring towns, and scholar tourists. The motivations of officials who supported publication of gazetteers gradually shifted from public service—preserving local historical sources, and recording local histories, —to personal interest in recording outings and conducting poetry readings which enabled fellow literati to “travel” virtually to scenic spots through texts if they could not do so in person. Gazetteer compilers began to emphasize in reminiscing the touring experiences rather than recording local history, and travel writing and recreational poetry became important components of gazetteers. Gazetteers depicted West Lake not so much as a public scenic spot but rather as the site of the private memories of tourists. The great demand for gazetteers in places like Hangzhou drew ever more literati into the business of compiling them, creating a new profession for scholars. In this way, the compilation and publication of gazetteers created an alternate space for the literati's social activities.

The compilation of gazetteers devoted to scenic spots flourished in the late Ming period. Writings on West Lake (西湖) were especially abundant due to its popularity among tourists. This study focuses on two editions of The Combined Gazetteers of West Lake (西湖合志), one published in 1640 and the other in 1644. The Combined Gazetteers incorporated three gazetteers—one on West Lake, the second on the neighboring mountains of Tianmu (天目山), and finally, one on the Jing mountains (徑山)—which made it unusual among gazetteers of the Ming dynasty. In later editions, travel writings on famous mountains around the country were also incorporated. Gazetteers of landscapes around West Lake were reprinted relatively often during the last decades of the Ming period. The compilers included local literati, officials from neighboring towns, and scholar tourists. The motivations of officials who supported publication of gazetteers gradually shifted from public service—preserving local historical sources, and recording local histories, —to personal interest in recording outings and conducting poetry readings which enabled fellow literati to “travel” virtually to scenic spots through texts if they could not do so in person. Gazetteer compilers began to emphasize in reminiscing the touring experiences rather than recording local history, and travel writing and recreational poetry became important components of gazetteers. Gazetteers depicted West Lake not so much as a public scenic spot but rather as the site of the private memories of tourists. The great demand for gazetteers in places like Hangzhou drew ever more literati into the business of compiling them, creating a new profession for scholars. In this way, the compilation and publication of gazetteers created an alternate space for the literati's social activities.