清初河南理學家與地方秩序的恢復

The Neo-Confucian Scholars of Henan and the Recovery of Local Order in the Early Qing

本文以清初河南地區的理學家耿介、張沐為核心，探討歷經明清鼎革之後，在清朝政權建立的過程中，理學家如何與地方官協同，嘗試以程朱理學為主導思維，在文化層面謀求恢復地方秩序。這個課題牽涉到兩個層面，一是明清之際的理學家對理學與現世關係的思考；另外則是官方的文化政策跟士人思想之間的互動。全文從三個部分進行討論，一是明清之際河南地方社會的概況；二是以登封嵩陽書院在清初的重建過程為中心，討論講學式書院在恢復地方科舉過程中的角色；三是河南上蔡縣的古蹟重建運動與地方治理的意義。透過這批理學家提倡的地方文教構想與經驗可知，清初以程朱理學為主體的官方意識形態之建立，與官方倡導、明清之際理學思潮與內涵的變化，及理學家個人的活動息息相關。這幾個因素相互交織，不僅對統治思想的確立有所影響，也突出地方秩序恢復過程中文化建設的意義。 This article focuses on the thought and actions of two Neo-Confucian scholars, Geng Jie (耿介) and Zhang Mu (張沐), of Henan (河南) in the early Qing period. It traces how these scholars, who ascribed to the Cheng-Zhu school of Neo-Confucianism, cooperated with local officials to reestablish local order in Henan after the fall of Ming. The theme of this article is two-fold. First, how did Neo-Confucian scholars consider the relationship between their Neo-Confucian theories and the applications of them in local communities? Second, the interaction between the official cultural policies and these local literati. The article proceeds in three parts. First, it provides an overview of local society in Henan in the era of the Ming-Qing transition. Second, this article will use the Songyang Academy (嵩陽書院) of Dengfeng (登封) as an example to show the role of local academies in restoring the local civil service examinations. Third, it explores the movement to rebuild historic sites related to Fu Xi (伏羲) and Confucius in Shangcai county (上蔡縣) and its significance for local governance.

This article focuses on the thought and actions of two Neo-Confucian scholars, Geng Jie (耿介) and Zhang Mu (張沐), of Henan (河南) in the early Qing period. It traces how these scholars, who ascribed to the Cheng-Zhu school of Neo-Confucianism, cooperated with local officials to reestablish local order in Henan after the fall of Ming. The theme of this article is two-fold. First, how did Neo-Confucian scholars consider the relationship between their Neo-Confucian theories and the applications of them in local communities? Second, the interaction between the official cultural policies and these local literati. The article proceeds in three parts. First, it provides an overview of local society in Henan in the era of the Ming-Qing transition. Second, this article will use the Songyang Academy (嵩陽書院) of Dengfeng (登封) as an example to show the role of local academies in restoring the local civil service examinations. Third, it explores the movement to rebuild historic sites related to Fu Xi (伏羲) and Confucius in Shangcai county (上蔡縣) and its significance for local governance.