明代皇族的詩歌教習及其意義

The research of the imperial family’s teaching and studying in the poetry and songs in Ming dynasty

明代皇族的詩歌教習，遵循士大夫的養成傳統，是宮廷教育的一環。皇族幼年即屬對誦詩，隨著識字量及知識累積，再加上個人情性興趣所近，會誦讀《古文真寶》、《文選》等詩文選，搭配閱讀其他經典以增寫作之助，也有熱衷詩道的皇族命儒臣編詩選，或自行編刊詩選、工具書。同是皇族，皇帝詩歌教習並未演成嚴格的施行制度，「帝王之學不在作詩」的觀點，及詞臣代筆制度，尤使詩歌教習缺乏迫切性。因此，皇帝個人情性興趣對教習成效最具影響，輔臣的教習觀點，甚或宦官的伴讀影響，亦使教習複雜化，夾揉許多人為因素和政治考量。明代宗藩的詩歌教習，則受朝廷鼓勵，樂詩的宗藩常自我課詩或結社論藝，有長史、紀善等官員輔導，及山人布衣提供教習服侍，他們以詩傳家，遠災避禍，也尋求突破藩禁、立言不朽的可能。

In Ming dynasty, the imperial family’s teaching and studying in the poetry and songs, which follow the traditional ways to develop a scholar-bureaucrat, is one important part of the imperial education. The imperial families began to pair poetic belongs and to recite poetry since they were very young. The emperor poetry teaching and studying do not play into a strict enforcement system because of the point of view of “the monarch doctrine is not in writing poetry” and the official poetic writing system to replace writing for the imperial family, so that the poetry teaching and studying lack of urgency in the imperial family. Thus the emperor’s personal feeling and interests are most affected on the teaching and studying effectiveness. With auxiliary officials’ teaching and studying views, or even with the influences of the eunuch's accompanying, the teaching and studying in the poetry and songs have been complicated and kneaded into many artificial factors and political considerations. For the feudal clans and land holders, the teaching and studying in the poetry and songs have been encouraged by the imperial officials in Ming dynasty. They often study and write poetry by themselves, or get together to talk about the poetic talents and writing skills which are counselled by the official long history writers and virtue recorders, served by mountain men and civilians. They write poems down from generation to generation to shelter away from the disaster, also to search the ways to breakthrough their vassal bans and restrictions as well as to pursuit the immortal possibility of their writing works.